当代中国调查记者的职业意识研究（1995-2010）

【作者】 白红义；

【导师】 黄瑚；

【作者基本信息】 复旦大学 ， 新闻学， 2011， 博士

【摘要】 过去30多年,中国新闻业发生的变化成为一个引人关注的学术话题。以往对中国新闻改革的研究偏向于从组织与结构的角度来描述1978年后中国新闻业的发展,对新闻组织与新闻从业者作为“行动者”的能动性重视不够。本文则是从“行动者”的角度出发,关注中国新闻记者在转型社会的时代意义。之所以选择从事调查性报道的记者,是因为他们所讨论和关注的议题就其公共性质而言,远远高过其他新闻类型,能够彰显出本文所要探索的主题。本文对当代中国调查记者的职业意识进行了初步的探究,结果发现：首先,在改革开放后30多年中国新闻业的发展过程中,我们可以看到媒介逐渐表现出一种多元的社会角色。在此过程中,当代中国的调查记者们逐渐形成了自己对于媒介功能的理解,他们普遍认同“第四等级”、“看门狗”等一系列彰显媒介功能的观念,通过自己的新闻生产实践,履行公共表达的职能。但是,由于新闻体制的影响,这种公共表达的程度是相当有限的。多数时候,媒体和记者不得不遵从来自权力结构的管制。但有时,媒体和记者也会通过“临场发挥”等手段伺机有所突破。总之,在传统的喉舌定位之外,媒体也渐渐履行了部分公共领域的职能。其次,中国记者习惯了倡导式的职业角色,这是由文人论政和党的喉舌双重传统决定的。因此,一部分调查记者在报道中并不掩饰情感,甚至失之平衡,为弱势群体代言。但随着新闻专业化的推进,以新闻客观性为核心的新闻专业主义在中国调查记者中开始流行,客观、平衡、中立等价值观念已经内化为部分调查记者的职业意识,指导着他们的新闻生产实践。然而,新闻专业主义尚未扎根就受到更大的挑战,以微博为代表的社会化媒体使得公众更加快捷、直接、深刻地影响着记者的新闻生产过程,汹涌的网络民意干扰了调查记者们的专业实践。第三,伴随着中国新闻改革的持续推进,记者对于自身处境的主观感受也日益发生着微妙的变化。一般而言,中国记者往往以知识分子自居,在社会中扮演着重要的角色。然而,我们在赞赏市场作为一种具有解放意义的结构性因素的同时,也必须看到商业逻辑侵入媒介组织和新闻生产过程势必会改变记者工作的性质。记者成为出卖劳动力的“新闻民工”,一些调查记者在政治、商业等外力的冲击下,渐渐丧失对于新闻专业的信念,进入一种以生存为主的工作状态。更多还原

【Abstract】 )n the past 30 years, Chinese journalism has made much progress. Many scholars are interested in these changes. Some people study the Chinese news media’s reform from the organization and structure’s view to describe the development of Chinese journalism, but the agency’s view is not enough. In this thesis, news media and journalists are viewed as agency to deal with structure’s change. My concern is about Chinese journalists’value in the transformation of society. As for studying investigative journalists, because issues that they are discussing have more public values than any other journalism’s genre. SoⅠstudy contemporary Chinese investigative journalists’occupational ideology, and have reach some conclusions:First, Chinese journalism is in the process of development after 30 years, we can see that Chinese news media has a multifunctional roles in the society. In this process, many investigative journalists have their own feeling of media’s function. They generally recognize the "fourth estate" and "watchdog role" in a modern society, express their viewpoint on behalf of the public. However, due to the political system, the public expression is quite limited. In most cases, the media and journalists have to abide by the power structures’control. But sometimes, the media and journalists will also employ many active means for a breakthrough. In short, the media is always the organs of party and government, but also has begun to perform the functions of the public sphere partly.Secondly, Chinese journalists are accustomed to play an advocate role; this is because of two journalistic traditions:the literati tradition and the mouthpiece tradition. Therefore, some investigative journalists don’t conceal their sentiments, even lose balance in their news-making, and they prefer to be on behalf of vulnerable groups. But now with the journalistic professionalization in China, journalistic professionalism is becoming more and more popular in many investigative journalists’practice. Objectiveness, balance, neutrality are taken into account by many investigative journalists to guide their news production. But, journalistic professionalism has not been accepted well, and received greater challenge. With the help of some social media, the public is able to participate in the news production faster; network public opinion will exert a profound influence on journalists’ideology, even make some journalist yield to so-called public opinion and lose their professionalism.Third, accompanied by the Chinese market media’s advance, some investigative journalists have changed their feeling of journalistic profession. Chinese reporters often view themselves as intellectuals, and play an important role in the society. However, when we appreciate the market as an active structural factor, we must also see that the market logic of media organizations and media production process which will change the nature of journalistic work. Journalists have to sell their labor as "news migrant workers’". Some investigative journalists will lose their professional ideals and step into a survival situation.更多还原