吴越玉器研究

【作者】 杨秀侃；

【导师】 高蒙河；

【作者基本信息】 复旦大学 ， 考古学及博物馆学， 2011， 博士

【摘要】 本文对吴越地区考古出土的春秋战国玉器进行了全面的收集和整理,分析了吴越玉器的形制、纹饰、工艺等方面的特征,探讨了吴越玉器的谱系和源流以及各种文化因素的交流和互动等,并对春秋战国时期吴越地区的用玉制度、观念以及功能等问题进行了深入分析。经过研究,本文基本解决了出土玉器的吴越贵族墓葬的国属问题,总结了吴越玉器的部分特征,在解决一些问题的基础上又提出了一些问题,从而填补了吴越玉器研究的空白。文章的主要内容如下：第一章为绪论。主要是对选题缘由、研究现状和研究方法进行介绍和分析。春秋战国时期,中国玉器呈现出多元化发展的态势,从黄河流域的中原列国到长江流域的吴越楚等国,都流行使用高等级玉器。相对于其它诸侯国玉器而言,吴越玉器的研究存在缺如,因此有必要对这一时空的玉器进行立题研究。本文从考古学、文物学、文献学等角度出发,并重点结合层位学、类型学等方法,对吴越出土玉器进行分析。第二章为玉器的发现与时空分析。首先,本文界定了吴越玉器的概念,然后对江、浙、沪三省市出土玉器的26处墓葬、遗址资料进行了重点收集和整理。除了墓葬形制、棺椁、随葬品的种类、数量、组合、布局等埋藏信息外,还对墓葬所在的区位、墓葬之间的位置、是否属于同一墓葬群等加以观察。另外,还收集了楚地及其它地区东周墓葬、秦汉墓葬所出吴越玉器资料。第三章为出土玉器的文化属性分析。首先对吴越疆域进行辨析,其次对吴越贵族墓葬加以甄别,最后讨论26处出土玉器的墓葬、遗址的国属。在这个基础上,分析玉器的埋藏状态特别是玉器及其与共存青铜器、陶瓷器的布局关系。这些研究不仅是了解玉器与其它随葬品之间的关系,而且还能从随葬品组合的角度对墓葬的国属进行认定。在对吴墓、越墓进行区分后,我们对吴墓、越墓出土的玉器进行分类,同时对典型玉器及其组合进行分析,从而总结出吴墓、越墓出土玉器的部分特征。第四章为出土玉器的文化因素分析。在对这些玉器进行编年的基础上,本文从形制、纹饰、工艺等方面探讨了吴越玉器的源流、谱系。首先讨论了吴越玉器与史前玉器特别是良渚玉器之间的关系,其次讨论了吴越玉器与楚玉、中原玉之间的关系,最后从玉器的形制、纹饰、工艺方面总结出吴玉、越玉的特征。通过文化因素分析,我们发现吴玉、越玉之间的文化特征不是很明显,与早期的良渚玉和同时期的中原、楚玉存在一定的联系。第五章为吴越玉器的相关研究。首先是通过对吴越文献的分析,探讨文献记载的先秦玉礼和考古出土的吴越玉器之间的关系,回答先秦玉礼在吴越玉器中是否有所体现等问题。其次是通过吴越玉器与中原玉器的比较,探讨吴越地区的用玉观念和用玉制度、是否出现礼制的僭越等问题。最后是对吴越玉器的发展演变等进行分析,探讨吴越玉器的发展动力以及所体现出来的文化技术交流等,从而了解吴越玉器在中国玉器发展中所处的地位。总之,春秋战国时期是中国玉器发展历程中的一个重要转折期。无论是黄河流域的中原地区,还是长江流域的吴越地区,玉器的生产、交流较为开放,玉器的形制和品种较为丰富。在孔子等思想家、政治家所强化的“内圣外王”过程中,作为身份等级象征的玉器内化为道德准则,起到了维护秩序、加强统治的作用。而远在中原东南部的吴越玉器,也程度不同地浸润了中原玉器礼器化、符号化、政治化等特点,成为了身份、地位和权力的象征。尽管在形制、纹饰以及工艺上的地域特征不是很明显,也很难对吴玉、越玉进行严格的区分,但是,经历了商周时期的没落和停滞,吴越地区再次出现了高等级玉器,凸显其在中国玉器发展史上的重要地位。因此,吴越玉器的研究有助于我们理解东周时期的用玉制度、多元一体的文化发展格局、吴越国家社会的产生和发展以及吴越楚等国之间的交流等问题。从这个角度看,本文的研究填补了吴越文化研究的空白。另外,本文在考古材料的基础上提出问题、建立假设、修正结论、构建新说,采取了归纳法和演绎法相结合、类型学和文化因素分析相结合、文物考古学和一般社会科学相结合的研究方法,在研究吴越玉器的过程中尝试创新玉器研究的方法,这些都是本文的创新之处。更多还原

【Abstract】 This dissertation collects and collates jade articles of Spring-Autumn and Warring States Periods excavated from Wu-Yue Area comprehensively, analyzing the structure, decorations and craftwork of those jade articles from Wu and Yue. It also research the pedigree, origin and development of jade articles from Wu and Yue and the exchanges of culture factors, and also probe into the jades use system, notion, function of Wu and Yue in the period of Spring-Autumn and Warring States. Basically, this dissertation resolves the national identity of jades excavated from lord graves in Wu and Yue, concludes characteristics and also puts forward some problems in the basis of resolving some problems, thereby, filling in the empty gaps of research of jades in Wu and Yue.Main contents of this dissertation are as follows:The first chapter is prolegomenon. This part states reasons for the selection of the title, current research state of this academic area and also introduces my own research approaches. In the periods of Spring-Autumn and Warring States, the development of Chinese jade articles show a trend of diversification. High-grade jades are popular in that days from central nations around Yellow River to Wu, Yue and Chu states around Yangtze River. Researches about Wu-Yue Jade is not so complete compared to jades of other kingdoms. It is of great importance to open a topic, focusing on jades of that period of time and area. This paper takes its views from the points of archaeology, cultural relics study, documentation study and use stratigraphy, typology approaches to analyze Wu-Yue jades.The second chapter discusses the discovery of jades and its spatio-temporal analysis. To begin with, this article defines Wu-Yue Jades. Then I collects and collates information from 26 graves, archaeological sites situated in Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Shanghai provinces. Apart from information of grave structure, coffin kinds, combination, layout and number of funeral objects, I consider the place of zone bits, space between graves to define whether they belongs to the same series of grave. This dissertation also combines files of Wu-Yue Jades from Chu state and other areas of Warring States period, Qin and Han Dynasty.The third chapter mainly elaborates on cultural characters of jade articles. First of all, I differentiate the territory of Wu-Yue area and then discriminate lord graves of Wu-Yue. Finally, I discuss the identity of national origin of those 26 grave and relic sites and indicated jades’state of bury, especially the layout connection of jades and coexisted bronzes and potteries. We can recognize state identity from the relationship between jade articles and other funeral objects through these researches. After distinguishing Wu graves and Yue graves, I start to take a good study about typical jades and jade combinations and reached a conclusion about the feature of Wu-Yue jades.Next Chapter is about the discussion of cultural elements of those excavated jades. This paper investigates the source and root of Wu-Yue jades from aspects of pattern making, decorations and craftwork on the basis of a chronological order. I explore features of Wu-Yue jades by comparison of them with prehistoric jade ornament, especially Liangzhu jades; Wu-Yue jades and Chu jades and Central Plains jades. We can find out that the cultural characteristic of Wu-Yue jades is not very typical and it has a certain connection to the early Liangzhue jades and contemporary Central Plains jades.The fifth chapter is some investigations about Wu-Yue jades. Firstly, I generalize the connection between excavated Wu-Yue jades and those documented etiquette and custom of pre-Qin Days by referring to documentation. This research gives an answer to whether those custom is shown in Wu-Yue jades. Secondly, I discuss the attitude toward jade usage and regulation by comparing Wu-Yue jades to Main Plains jades. Finally, the dissertation investigates the evolvement of Wu-Yue jades and probes the motivations and cultural communication trend represented in this process. These researches show the status which Wu-Yue jades enjoyed in the history of Chinese jade development.In a word, the period of Spring-Autumn and Warring States is an important transition joint in the development of Chinese jade articles. No matter it is in Main Plains area of Yellow River basin, or in Wu and Yue area of Yangtze River basin, the manufacture and exchange of jades is relatively exoteric, the structure and breeds of jade is comparatively abundant. In the process of avocation of "inside saint, outside king" notion which is reinforced by thinkers such as Confucius and statesmen, jade turns into a moral in the internalization as a symbol of status, performs a role in preserving rule and reinforcing domination. Jades of Wu and Yue, which are far away in the southeast of the Central Plain, also soak the characteristic such as ceremony, signify, politicization of jades from the Central Plain, become a symbol of identity, status and authority.Although the regional features of structure, decoration and craftwork are not very obvious, and there is not a strict distinct between jades of Wu and Yue, but height class graves appear in the area of Wu and Yue, therefore have a high place in the development of Chinese jades. Research of jades of Wu and Yue can help us understand the problems such as jade used system in East Zhou, culture pattern as unity of pluralistic, the cause and development of Wu and Yue society and exchange of Wu, Chu and Yue. From this perspective, the research of this dissertation fill in the gaps of the research about Wu and Yue culture. Moreover, base on archaeologic data, this dissertation put forward problem, set up assumption, amend conclusion, construct new cognition, adopt the research method such as combining induction and deduction, combining typology and culture factors analysis, combining archaeology and ordinary social sciences, create the research method about jades in the research of the jades in Wu and Yue, these are innovations of this dissertation.更多还原