【作者】 刘玉梅；

【导师】 徐建军；

【作者基本信息】 中南大学 ， 伦理学， 2010， 博士

【摘要】 焦虑是现代人一种常见的情绪状态。当焦虑渗透到道德领域中时,人们就会体验到道德焦虑的困扰。这一困扰会危及人的健康和幸福,因此深入剖析此问题,并探寻缓解道德焦虑的对策已经成为一项十分迫切的任务。道德焦虑作为一个正式的概念是由弗洛伊德提出的,并且他把道德焦虑当作一种善而把握。实际上焦虑本身是矛盾的,它是善恶交杂的。因此,也可以把道德焦虑当作是恶来把握。作为一种恶的道德焦虑是以一种困扰的面目出现的,它是主体根据良心对变化剧烈的外部道德环境或其自身不圆满的道德现状进行省查和判断时所形成的担忧、不安、畏惧等复杂情绪。道德焦虑的复杂性体现在它的四个方面的特点之上。为了把握道德焦虑这一复杂情绪,有必要梳理各学科关于焦虑的理论。因为焦虑是典型的自我意识情绪,所以道德焦虑也必定和人的道德自我意识发展有关。良心就是道德焦虑得以发生的内部心理机制。良心是作为一种声音的仓库存在的,它包含了神的声音、远祖的声音和重要他人的声音。大卫.里斯曼的理论证明了在历史上,人们始终对内心中的一种声音或多种声音保持着敏感性。无论是在伦理思想史上还是在人格结构中,良心都占据着高位,并且不断地对自我进行支配,并行使着监督权和惩罚权。现代性的到来,使人与神、人与祖先以及人与他人的伦理关系遭到了冲击。各种外部声音变得暗哑和嘈杂是使人们道德焦虑产生的外因。良心内声音的彼此矛盾的存在状态以及其非理性化的特点则是使人产生道德焦虑的内因。存在主义哲学、精神分析心理学以及现代性研究者有大量的关于焦虑缓解对策的研究,它们可以为缓解道德焦虑提供十分有益的借鉴。由于道德焦虑毕竟与焦虑的发生领域有明显不同,因此还有必要从伦理的角度提出相应的缓解对策。针对现代人的伦理关系的现状以及其道德认知的特点,可以采用发现意义、培养信任、培养宽容的良心以及整合道德人格等举措来缓解道德焦虑。更多还原

【Abstract】 Anxiety is one kind of modern people’s mental condition. When anxiety happens in the moral domain, the people will experience the puzzle. This puzzle is one kind of wickedness, which will endanger to the human’s health and happiness. Therefore to analyzes this question thoroughly, and inquired about the alleviation countermeasures already have became a very urgent duty.Freud proposed the moral anxiety as an official concept, and considered it as a kind of good. In fact anxiety itself is incompatible, it is the mixture of good and evil. Therefore, we can regard the moral anxiety as a kind of evil. As an evil, moral anxiety can be defined as following. When a person judges about the danger moral environment and the incomplete situation of his morals according to his conscience, he become worried, restless, dreads and so on. The complexity of moral anxiety embody in its four aspects of characteristics. In order to grasp this complex mood, it is necessary to introduce the theories of anxiety in various disciplines.Because anxiety is a typical self-awareness mood, therefore the moral anxiety also surely concern with moral self-awareness. The conscience is the internal psychic mechanism in which the moral anxiety will occur. The conscience is the collector of different sounds, it has contained the god sound, remote ancestor’s sound and the important other people’s sound. David. Riesman’s theory had proven in history, the people are always maintaining sensitivity to the inner one kind of sound or many kinds of sounds. Whether in the history of ethics or in the personality structure, conscience occupied a high situation. It has the right of self-control, supervision and punishment.The advent of modernity takes great shocks to many kinds of ethical relationship, such as human beings and God, man and ancestors, as well as the ethical relationship between people and other people. A variety of external sound becomes dull is the external reasons to make people suffered moral anxiety. The voice in conscience in the state of conflicting and irrational is the internal reasons of moral anxiety. Existentialist Philosophy, psychoanalysis, and modernity researchers have found a lot of measures to alleviating anxiety, which can provide a very useful reference to ease moral anxiety. After all, the moral anxiety and anxiety have some differences, it is also necessary to find some appropriate mitigation measures from ethical point of view. According to ethical relationships and the characteristics of moral cognitive, some measures can be used to alleviate the moral anxieties, such as found the meaning, develop trust, foster tolerance as well as the integration of personality.更多还原