冷战后中国东亚外交战略的学理分析

【作者】 张键；

【导师】 苏浩；

【作者基本信息】 外交学院 ， 外交学， 2011， 博士

【摘要】 本文所研究的中国东亚地区战略主要是从地区战略的角度展开的。本文对地区战略的理论定位、要素以及地区战略环境判断、地区战略竞争对手分析、地区战略决策、地区战略评估、地区战略实施以及对影响地区战略的主要变量进行了分析。地区战略作为一种特殊的外交战略,既具有外交战略的共性,同时又具有自身的理论独特性。从国家战略的层次来看,地区战略属于国家战略层次的第四层次。因此,地区战略必须服从和服务于国家整体战略和外交整体战略。地区战略是战略理论在地理和区位上的具体运用和体现。地区战略的理论支撑一般包括地缘理论、区域一体化理论以及地区主义理论。具体地说,地缘战略理论包括地缘政治因素、国际地缘经济因素、国际地缘文化因素三个方面。本文着重探讨了开放地区主义及其对中国东亚外交战略的指导。“立足亚太、稳定周边”区域战略形成于20世纪90年代,其形成有着深刻的国际国内背景。由于“立足亚太、稳定周边”战略方针的指引,整个90年代中国的周边安全环境相对稳定,为中国国内的改革开放事业的不断深化和经济发展创造了一个良好的周边国际环境,为中国进入21世界经济的持续发展奠定了良好的基础。可以说,“立足亚太、稳定周边”的战略是成功的,在新世纪里仍然可以作为我们的外交战略指导思想。21世纪初中国推行的区域合作地区战略是对自新中国成立以来的睦邻外交的延续和拓展。进入新世纪以来,周边地缘政治和地缘安全环境呈现出很多新的地区安全问题,实施新的睦邻地区战略势在必行。从战略内涵来看,中国面向新世纪的“睦邻、富邻、安邻”地区战略思想有着丰富的中国以“和”为贵的传统文化思想的支撑和深厚积淀。“睦邻”,是一种政治层面的和睦共处,是一种“与邻为善、以邻为伴”的政治发展战略,即强调平等协作、共同发展。“富邻”,主要涉及经济合作领域。具体地说,“富邻”就是强调与周边国家加强经济上的交往、联系、对话以及战略协作,不断拓宽经济贸易领域的合作渠道,扩大相互贸易和投资,逐步形成优势互补,积极推进地区经济一体化,从而推动实现互惠互利、实现共同发展、走向共同繁荣。“安邻”,主要指的是政治安全领域的互信合作和共同安全。具体而言就是在安全领域同周边国家共同营造和平稳定的周边环境,积极维护亚太地区的和平与稳定,通过加强对话、增进互信、以及和平谈判的方式,而不是诉诸武力的方式去处理地区分歧与争端,从而为地区的发展营造和平安定的有利地区环境,进而在地区范围内实现共同安全。新世纪初以睦邻地区战略为依托的区域合作战略在一定程度上有效化解了“中国威胁论”,进而有力提升了中国的国际形象,也有利于中国以周边为依托走向世界。当前东亚战略环境比较复杂,东亚战略安全环境尤其严峻,尽管如此,当前东亚战略环境中仍存在不少机遇。在可预见的未来,中国如何构建自己的东亚外交战略,这不仅关系到中国自身的国家利益,而且与东亚地区的发展和未来也息息相关。具体地看,中国的战略优势可以分为地缘优势和大国优势两种。战略上的弱势主要体现在中国周边大国太多,存在诸多地缘上的制约,并且中国存在诸多地缘困局,领土争端以及中国所处的东亚区域内各国文化及价值观差异较大等。中国由于长时期保持了平稳较快发展,因此拥有很多战略机遇。中国的战略威胁是与美国密切相关的,因为美国是中国在东亚地区真正的战略对手。具体地说,中国受到的战略威胁和战略压力也主要是来自美国“重返东亚”以及美国利用制度性参与和领土争端挑动东亚国家对抗中国。中国未来的东亚地区战略选择应该立足于地区一体化理论和开放地区主义的理论指导,坚持一种开放性的东亚共同体(Open East Asian Community)。坚持开放性的东亚共同体应该是中国在新形势下着眼未来东亚地区战略的核心主张。未来中国东亚战略需要一系列理论的指导,这些理论框架具体可以包括地缘重心论、区域合作一体化理论、开放地区主义理论等等。未来中国东亚外交战略的战略部署应该注重循序渐进,先易后难的原则,加强多样性的多边区域合作,同时将东亚地区构架明确化。更多还原

【Abstract】 China’s diplomatic strategy in East Asia in this thesis is mainly from the perspective of regional strategy.In this paper, the theory of regional strategy is focused on the positioning of its theory framework, elements and the analysis of regional strategic environment, regional strategic competitor analysis, regional strategic decision-making, regional strategic assessment and the implementation of regional strategies . Besides, the main variables of regional strategies are also analyzed. As a special diplomatic strategy, Regional strategy share the common characteristics of the diplomatic strategy, and the theory also has its own uniqueness. From the national strategic level, the regional strategy is on the fourth level of the whole national strategic level.Therefore, regional strategy must be subordinate to and serve the country’s overall diplomatic strategy and overall strategy.Regional strategy is the specific application and embodiment of strategic theory in geography and location. The theoretical support of regional strategies generally includs geo-politics theory, theory of regional integration and regionalism theory. Specifically, the theory of geo-strategic factors includs geopolitical, international geo-economic factors, geographical and cultural factors. This paper focuses on open-regionalism and its effects on China’s diplomatic strategy in East Asia.The strategy of " basing on the Asia-Pacific, and stabilizing the neighboring country”was formed in 1990s. Its formation has a profound international and domestic background. As guided by the strategy ,the security environment of China is relatively stable in 1990s. And it created a good international environment for China’s deepening reform and opening up and economic development and laid a good foundation for China’s sustainable development in 21th century as well. In a sense, The strategy of " basing on the Asia-Pacific, and stabilizing the neighboring country”is quite successful and can be used as the guiding ideology of our diplomatic strategy in the new century.The implementation of regional strategies for regional cooperation in the early 21st century in China can be regarded as the continuation and expansion of good-neighborly diplomacy since the founding of P.R.C. The surrounding geo-political and geo-security environment faces many new issues and difficulties in the new century. It is imperative to implement the new good-neighborly and regional strategy.From a strategic point of view, China’s "good-neighborly and enriching neighborhood, safe-neighborhood " in the new century has a wealth of China’s traditonal strategic thinking."Good neighbor"is an extension of the policy of“building a good-neighborly relationship and partnership with neighboring countries”,which means harmonious coexistence on the political level, emphasizing equality, cooperation and common development. " Enriching neighborhood" is mainly related to economic cooperation. Specifically, the "enriching neighborhood" focuses on strengthening economic exchanges, contacts, dialogue and strategic cooperation, as well as continuously expanding the channels for economic and trade cooperation, expanding mutual trade and investment, and actively promoting the regional economy integration, thereby contributing to mutual benefit and achieving common development, to the common prosperity with the neighboring countries.“Safe neighboring countries”mainly refers to the political and security cooperation in the field of mutual trust and common security. Specifically, it means creating a peaceful and stable surrounding environment in the security field with neighboring countries jointly and actively protecting peace and stability in the Asia-Pacific region, through enhanced dialogue, enhancing mutual trust, and peaceful negotiation instead of resorting to force to deal with regional disputes, so as to create a peaceful and stable development of the region to achieve common security in the region. To some extent, the strategy of good-neighborliness and regional cooperation effectively resolve the "China threat" and effectively enhance China’s international image, but also helpful for China to cooperate with the world.The current strategic environment in East Asia is complex, the strategic security environment in East Asia is particularly serious, however, there are still many opportunities in the current strategic environment in East Asia. In the foreseeable future, China’s diplomacy in East Asia is not only related to China’s own national interests, but also closely related to the development and future of East Asia. Specifically, China’s strategic advantage can be divided into geographical advantages and strengths advantages as a big power . Strategic weakness mainly means there are big countries as China’s neighboring country and thus there are many constraints on the geopolitical and geographical difficulties.Besides, there are many territorial disputes with iChina in East Asia. The culture and values are quite different in the region as well. and so on. With a long-time steady and rapid development, China has a lot of strategic opportunities.Strategic threat to China is closely connected with the United States because the United States is China’s real strategic opponent in East Asia. Specifically, China’s strategic threat and strategic pressure mainly comes from the United States by using institutional and territorial disputes in East Asian countries against provoking China. In East Asia, China’s future strategic choice should be based on the theory of regional integration and open regionalism to build an“Open East Asian Community”.East China’s future strategic needs a range of theoretical guidance, such as geographic theory, regional cooperation and integration theory, as well as the theory of open regionlaism and so on. China’s future foreign policy in East Asia should focus on principles of“easy things first,”and strengthen the diversity of multilateral regional cooperation in East Asia and nail down the cooperation framework of the region.更多还原