【作者】 崔延平；

【导师】 王育济；

【作者基本信息】 山东大学 ， 中国古代史， 2011， 博士

【摘要】 北宋是中国封建社会发生重大变革的时期,封建政治、经济发生一系列深刻变化,为繁盛的交游局面的形成提供了极大可能性,北宋社会出现了“举世重交游”的盛况。作为北宋社会的政治和文化主体,随着经济、政治、社会地位的全面提升,士大夫群体也依托亲缘、地缘、业缘、趣缘等各种社会关系和社会机缘,以极大的自信和热情,形成了对象广泛、主题丰富、形式各异的交游活动。士大夫作为北宋社会的中坚阶层,在政治、经济、文化等诸事务中扮演了极为重要的角色。本文以北宋时期士大夫群体的交游为研究对象。对北宋士大夫的精神风貌、交游观和交游心态进行了细致考察,并对士大夫之间,以及士大夫与武将、宗室、后妃、外戚、宦官、商人、歌妓、巫觋术士、僧道人士等社会各阶层和群体之间的交游关系和交游状况进行了微观研究,以期从宏观上把握北宋士大夫所在时代的基本政治、经济、文化和社会生活面貌。北宋时期实行“崇文抑武”的治国方略,偃武右文,施行文治。官私教育普及,学术文化出现明显的民众化倾向,加之“取士不问家世”的科举制度的大力推行,大量平民知识分子由科举入仕,最终推进了北宋时期士大夫群体的壮大和以士大夫为主体的政治形态——“士大夫政治”的形成。士大夫政治条件下,作为君权的唯一合作者,士大夫群体在北宋时期的政治和社会地位达到了一个空前的高度。统治者对士大夫阶层的倚重、尊崇和优礼,成就了北宋士大夫生存、发展难得的历史际遇,这对其精神风貌、交游心态,乃至交游行为的构建与塑造,均产生了极为直接且重要的影响。北宋时期,伴随门阀制度的最终破除,社会成员之间的身份差异逐渐缩小,界限进一步模糊,各阶层之间广泛交游渐成社会常态,士大夫交游亦不限士庶。随着社会生产的繁荣、商品经济的发展,保守、封闭的社会状态渐为开放、活跃的社会状态所取代,人们的交游对象增加,交游范围扩大,交往能力亦得到增强,交往发展到了一个新的水平,人与人之间的社会联系也更为频繁,遂在北宋社会形成了“举世重交游”的良好时代氛围。士大夫积极投身于各类交游活动,而优越的休假和俸禄制度,则为其交游提供了充裕的闲暇和良好的经济条件。士大夫间的交游形式主要包括日常走访、礼尚往来等。此外,北宋士大夫还经常相约同游山水名胜,其雅集、结社活动亦格外频繁,士大夫倚此进行休闲、创作,并实现感情上的交流。在统治者“厚自娱乐”的政策劝导下,北宋士大夫中逐渐产生了一种极娱心态,交游中即含有众多的娱乐休闲性内容,例如,宴饮。宴饮中又常伴有乐舞、投壶、行酒令和传花等娱乐活动。另外,弈棋亦是士大夫宴席之上和闲暇时分经常进行的一种休闲娱乐活动。对士大夫日常闲暇中具有交际功能的休闲娱乐活动进行探讨,是了解北宋士大夫的社会生活和精神风貌的一个重要依据。北宋时期士大夫阶层强势崛起,崇文抑武、“与士大夫共治天下”的政治构架,为这一群体营造出与前代截然不同的生存、发展环境,士大夫的内心世界与精神气质由此产生了极为深刻的变化,表现出一种崭新的精神风貌。这种精神新貌主要体现在士大夫政治主体意识,即社会责任感的增强,以及群体意识、个体意识、自我意识的觉醒上这一时期,士大夫的交游心态呈现出较多的理性色彩,突出表现在自信、平等、包容、开放、平和等几个方面。慎交、淡交,崇尚道义、信义之交,推崇长久不渝的交谊,推崇“君子之交”、“真丈夫之交”,是北宋士大夫几个较为突出的交游理念,在这一时期的士大夫家训中亦有所反映。士大夫的精神风貌、交游心态和交游观对其交游行为具有重要的指导意义。士大夫交游出于不同的动因。性情、志趣相近,以及对对方的仰慕均可构成彼此间的交游。另外,士大夫的政治身份还决定了这一群体在交游中对政治利益的考量。北宋一朝朋党之争如火如荼,士大夫们将良好的交游关系引入政治生活,形成良好的政治伙伴关系,并通过广事交游来壮大朋党。与此相类,“婚姻不问阀阅”的时代新风下,士大夫还通过联姻巩固、发展彼此间的交游和朋党关系,维护已有的政治利益。由交游而朋党、而联姻,成为士大夫间交游关系发展的一种常见模式。针对士大夫间的奔竞、请托与结党交游,统治者通过连坐、禁谒等法制手段进行一定的约束与干预。这与险诐的政治斗争形势一同,大大增加了士大夫交游的政治风险,使北宋士大夫的交游在活跃的交游局面背后,隐约显现出某种淡交的倾向。北宋统治者吸取前代乱离教训,实施“崇文抑武”的治国方略,与士大夫共治天下,而对武将、宗室、后妃、外戚、宦官等几个政治相关群体进行严密的防范,他们与士大夫的交游亦随之受到一定的限制。伴随政治地位的上升,士大夫在与武将、宗室、后妃、外戚、宦官的关系地位对比中表现出较为明显的优势,这在士大夫与上述群体的交游中有所体现。另外,士大夫与外戚、宦官等群体的交游还常以政治交结的形式呈现,成为北宋一朝政治斗争的有机组成部分。北宋时期,随着商品经济的发展,商人的政治地位和社会地位有了较大提升,士大夫不以从商赢利为耻,同时还与商人、富民结托交游,甚至通婚结姻；此外,北宋士大夫还与以歌妓为主的女性群体进行交游。士大夫狎妓成风,常以妓唱词奏乐、侑觞助兴。士大夫与歌妓诗酒唱和、填词弄弦,扩大了词的传播,刺激了词的创作,使二者间的交游具有了重要的文化意义。此外,宋代巫术活动猖獗,士大夫中亦不乏崇巫信巫之人,士大夫与巫觋、术士进行交游,甚至交结谋逆,受到统治者的高度关注和严厉打击。北宋实行较为宽松的佛、道教政策,佛道二教在这一时期得到空前发展。士大夫参禅论道、信佛崇道,士、僧,以及士、道之间交游普遍,交游形式亦较为多样。士大夫的释、道方外交,对北宋时期的“三教合流”,以及文学创作的发展等均具有重要的推动作用,同时这种方外交谊还对士大夫的生活方式、处世心态以及人生态度等形成了较为深刻的影响。更多还原

【Abstract】 Chinese feudal society has had significant transformation in the Northern Song Dynasty (960-1127). A series of profound changes have taken place on feudal politics and economy then, which provide great possibilities for the prosperous social activities. The political position and the economic situation for the scholar-bureaucrat has been improved, compared with the previous dynasties. As with other groups of people, the scholar-bureaucrats formed a variety of social-activities by all kinds of the social relations and opportunities.As the backbone class of the Northern Song Dynasty, the scholar-bureaucrats played an extremely important role in political, economic, and cultural fields. The dissertation has taken careful observation on the spiritual outlook, thoughts and mind-set for social activity of the Northern Song Dynasty scholar bureaucrats. It has also taken microcosmic research on social activity relation and status among the scholar-bureaucrats, between scholar-bureaucrats and general, imperial clan, queens and princesses, mother and wife relatives of the emperor, eunuch, businessman, rich people, geisha, wizard, monks and Taoists and people of other classes, in order to get a macroscopic understanding of the political, cultural and social conditions, and financial circumstance of the Northern Song Dynasty.Based on the theme mentioned above, the dissertation is included six chapters in total as following, except the "instruction" and "conclusion"Chapter one is about the research on the political environment of Northern Song Dynasty. The political position for the scholar-bureaucrats has been improved at that time.The policy of "advocating culture and restraining military" has been taken in Northern Song Dynasty. Both feudal official and private education is popular then and the academic culture is inclined to the common people. Many common intellectual enter the official career after examination, which expands the scholar-bureaucrats group and helps the formation of political status of scholar-bureaucrats as the main social part. As the only cooperators of the emperor, scholar-bureaucrats have extremely high social and political status then. Respect and favorable treatment of the scholar-bureaucrats from the emperor have given a scare historical opportunity for the existence and development of the scholar-bureaucrats, which have direct and important impact on the building of social activity.Chapter two is about the research on the change of the traditional life style. There is a proverb called "Jushizhongjiaoyou" (the social activities were highly encouraged and addressed by people) in the Northern Song China. The material base for this situation is discussed in this paper.Hereditary aristocracy system is finally destroyed in Northern Song Dynasty. The identity difference between people is reduced gradually. Social activities take place between all the classes. "Value the social activity" atmosphere is formed then with the expanding of the social activity scope. Good holiday and salary system has also provided enough time and economic basis for the social activity.Chapter three is the studies on several main social association forms of the scholar-bureaucrat group in the Northern Song China, which is embodied specifically in the daily visits, giving presents from each other, traveling together, Ya Ji(elegant meeting), drinking, playing chess and so on.Social activities of the scholar-bureaucrats are mainly daily visit. Also the scholar-bureaucrats of Northern Song Dynasty sometimes visit the landscape together to communicate and create works. Under the policy of "promoting entertainment", the scholar-bureaucrats form the exceeding entertainment mind. Their social activities contain many amusement activities, for example, banquet. Many entertainment items like dancing, pitch-pot game, drinking games and flower transferring are quite popular during the banquet. Moreover, playing chess is also a popular game during the banquet and leisure time. Research on the entertainment activities having the function of communication of the scholar-bureaucrats during the leisure time is one important basis to get a good understanding of the social activities and spiritual outlook of the scholar-bureaucrats of North Song Dynasty.Chapter four is about the research on the spiritual style and ideological concept of the scholar-bureaucrats in the Northern Song Dynasty, including the discussion on the ideas of social activities from their family education.Growing up of scholar-bureaucrats class in Northern Song Dynasty, and advocating culture and restraining military have given quite different existence and development circumstances for the scholar-bureaucrats. Mind and spirit of the scholar-bureaucrats have had great changes then, which enhance the social responsibility and the group and individual consciousness.At that time, the social activity of scholar-bureaucrats is quite logical which is shown as self-confidence, equality, openness, and gentleness. Cautiousness, pureness, advocating morality and justice of the social-activity are the main concept. Spiritual outlook, mind status and concept have great influence on the social activities of the Northern Song Dynasty scholar-bureaucrats.Chapter five digs into the social-activities of the scholar-bureaucrat group. The scholar-bureaucrats in the Northern Song China combines literariness, academic and Political nature. This section chiefly specifies the formation of the political clique, and the marital relations.Social activities of scholar bureaucrats come from different motives. It might be the similar nature or interest, and also it can be the mutual admiration. Moreover, the political position also decides the social activities. Cabal’s scramble is quite serious in Northern Song Dynasty. Scholar-bureaucrats take use of social activities to expand their cabals. Similarly they also develop their cabal relations by intermarriage in order to keep the political benefits. Social activities to cabal and then intermarriage is a common mode for the social activities relationship development.The emperor takes use of the punishment of all related people and other legal measures to interfere the social activities, which might cause the political risk for the social activities of the scholar bureaucrats. So their social activities are quite shallow, although it is quite popular. Chapter six is about the research on the conditions of the scholar-bureaucrats’ communications with military generals, imperial clansmen, empresses, members of wife’s families, eunuchs, merchants, geisha, witches, and alchemists.The policy of "advocating culture and restraining military" has been taken in Northern Song Dynasty by absorbing the experience of the previous troubled dynasty. Emperor governs the country together with the scholar bureaucrats and the generals, imperial clan, queens and princesses, mother and wife relatives of the emperor, eunuch are controlled strictly. Their social activities with the scholar bureaucrats have some limits. Political position of the scholar bureaucrats is rising quickly, which has obvious advantage than the generals and other. Moreover, social activities of scholar bureaucrats with the mother and wife relatives of the emperor are often for the political association, which compose one part of the political struggle of Northern Song Dynasty.During the Northern Song Dynasty, with the development of the commercial economy, political and social position of the businessman rise quickly. Scholar bureaucrats did not take the making money by doing business as the shame. They also take social activities with the businessman and rich people, even they get intermarriage. Moreover, scholar bureaucrats also take social activities with the females mainly geisha. They often visit prostitutes and sing with geisha which irritates the creation and spread of poetry, which is meaningful for the culture. Witches and wizards activities are quite popular then and there are many scholar bureaucrats trusting them and communicate with them quite often, even try to rebel. Emperor pays close attention on them and attacks them seriously.The last section discusses emphatically about the conditions of the scholar-bureaucrats’communications with monks and taoist priests. The Song Dynasty governor performed the loose religion policy on the whole, which kept the scholar-bureaucrats to be socially active in making social interaction with monks and taoist priests.Buddhism and Taoism developed quickly then as the loosen control policy was conducted in Northern Song Dynasty. The scholar bureaucrats communicate with them quite often which promote the interflow of the Taoism, Buddhism and scholar-bureaucrats and the literary creation. It also affects the life style and attitude of the scholar bureaucrats of the Northern Song Dynasty.更多还原