【作者】 代廷杰；

【导师】 黄万华；

【作者基本信息】 山东大学 ， 中国现当代文学， 2011， 博士

【摘要】 首先是对“鲁迅是谁”的重新思考。鲁迅是谁?这看似是个不成问题的问题,实则可能是迄今为止关于鲁迅最为激烈而讽刺的发问,因为这一发问本身无疑向我们宣告那个曾经被告知的鲁迅“名不属实”。但具有讽刺意味的是,每个研究者都必须对此作出回答。在思考这一问题时,本文更多地是从对鲁迅文本的阅读体验和对现实中人的生存困境的体察出发的,在二者相互沟通的基础上为了有效地把内在于鲁迅与我们、历史与现实的问题紧密联结起来,本文选择了鲁迅的“立人”命题,并对“鲁迅是谁”作出了如下回答：鲁迅在思想上可以说终生都是一个在找路的人,从根本上说,他要找的是通向“立人”而达至“人国”,从而“要人类都受正当的幸福”的路。这一对鲁迅的定位,包含三层含义：一是认为鲁迅思想的核心是“立人”,而且其最终的目的是在现实中实现每个人都能过上正当的幸福的生活；二是认为鲁迅的一生基本上都是寻找实现这样目的的道路,在此意义上,可以说鲁迅是人的解放的探索者；三是认为鲁迅既然是人的解放的探索者,那么,这一探索过程自然不会因为鲁迅的去世而终结,同时也意味着鲁迅的探索过程本身就值得再探索,其中包含站在当代的立场加以反思的可能性和必要性。基于上述对鲁迅的总体认识,本论文把研究的题目定为：探索“探索者”一一以鲁迅早期“立人”思想的当代重思为中心。关于选题的缘由,还有两点需要交代：一是研究“立人"的现实关切；二是为什么要以鲁迅早期的“立人”思想为中心。重提鲁迅的“立人”话题,除了学理上的辩护,更重要的是现实的需要,即,“立人”之于我们,并不仅仅是一个学术问题,更重要的还是一个现实问题,或者说鲁迅当年所面对的问题,我们今天依然在面对。“立人”,简明地说,就是“立,使之成人”。但现实中,“成人"主要被理解为“成才”,即首要的不是把人当作人,而是把人当作“人才”来看待和培养。其结果是,一方面我们很难培养出人才,另方面这种理解和追求在本质上却不能不说是人的另一种更高级的“物化”,片面突出人作为“才”的犹如物一样的有用性,其现实结果是把人在培养成“才”的过程中不断剥落人的内涵,以致“见物不见人”,从而极易导致一个“惟物”的社会,且总是倾向把人分为穷人与富人,强者与弱者,有权势与没权势,有背景与没背景,有关系与没关系,等等,并区别对待,而很少把人首先当作人看待和尊重,甚至常常为了自己的利益而干涉、损害别人的权利和生命。如果说五四时代鲁迅通过子君之口喊出的时代最强音“我是我自己的,他们谁也没有干涉我的权利”,主要还停留在作为“人”的人身独立、自主及个性解放的思想启蒙层面上；那么,今天人所面对的问题就是：“我干涉了你的权利,你能怎么样?”即今天人所面对的问题不是你有没有权利,而是你的权利如何保障不受侵犯,或者,受到了侵犯如何能得到有效的保障。这种人的问题和时代的精神症候,凸显了重提鲁迅“立人”命题的重要性和必要性,同时也启发了研究“立人”的思路,那就是,“立人”并不仅仅是一个思想启蒙的问题,同时还是一个制度设计和安排的问题。之所以把鲁迅早期的“立人”思想作为研究的重点,一方面对探索者而言,重要的不是结论,而是探索的启动和定向,所以研究鲁迅早期的“立人”思想可以看出青年鲁迅的价值偏好和判断力,也可以由此青年鲁迅对时代问题的独特思考和把握；另方面鲁迅早期已经提出“立人”和立“人国”的命题,这可以说是贯穿鲁迅一生的理想追求。基于上述种种理解,本文以鲁迅早期的“立人”思想为中心,主要探讨了两个问题：一是“立人”何以可能,一是“人国”何以可能。全文分为五章,结构如下：第一章主要揭示当前鲁迅研究存在的问题,并交代本文研究的选题缘由和研究方法。第二章主要勾勒鲁迅早期“立人”思想的发生机制和总体把握其演变的轨迹。第三章和第四章主要探讨“立人”何以可能。其中第三章主要从“人作为人”和“人作为个体”的角度,论述“鲁迅式个人主义”在“个人认识史”上的历史意义和其特征。第四章主要论述作为精神主体的人的若干精神品质,及“精神界战士”之于现代个体理想人格建构的意义。第五章主要论述鲁迅的“人国”理想及其特点,并结合对鲁迅“国民性批判”问题的反思探讨实现“人国”理想的可能性现实途径。本论文的创新之处和不足之处。创新之处是把历史感和现实感结合起来,并以现实感激活历史感。具体地说,就是基于时代和历史的异同,站在当代立场上对鲁迅的立人思想采取一种探讨和反思的双重态度,一方面挖掘鲁迅立人思想的特征和意义,另方面在反思中开显其立人思想缺少的环节。不足之处：首先这种反思性的研究思路本身就有一定的缺陷,主要表现在一定程度上忽略鲁迅立人思想自身发展的历史过程,致使论文研究的语境不够具体。其次打算从“人与制度的关系”的角度切入鲁迅的立人思想,这是一个很好的进路,但很可惜论文没有贯彻始终,尽管它一直暗含其中。三是研究鲁迅的立人思想,却没有明确地把其意义表述出来。需要说明的是,这里,隐藏着作者的一个潜在的思路,即认为只有我们把自鲁迅提出“立人”命题一个世纪以来为何人总是不能在现实中立起来,和鲁迅在“立人”问题上可能存在的问题说清楚之后再谈鲁迅立人思想的当代意义才更恰当。这就是说需要首先给鲁迅立人思想划定一个意义的边界,否则,在边界不明确的情况下,直接论述鲁迅立人思想的意义就难免会有夸大和说教的嫌疑。但研究鲁迅的立人思想,却不明确地把其意义表述出来,这似乎也说不过去。同时,对鲁迅的立人思想反思还不够深入,很多问题触及了但没有系统并深入下去。比如鲁迅的“立人”和“人国”思想与无政府主义之间关系,等等。这些问题都有待进一步深入研究。更多还原

【Abstract】 The first task is to rethink" who is lu xun".Who is Lu Xun? This may seem an unquestioned question, actually may be so far about Lu Xun most fierce and ironic to ask.Because this one to ask itself declares that once we undoubtedly are told about Lu Xun is "name not true ". But ironically, each researcher must make answer. To this, this paper argues that Lu Xun in ideology can be said a person that his lifetime is a looking for theroad.Fundamentally, he wanted to found a way to "sign a person" and achieve" Nation of Humans ", so that "everyone can enjoy as happiness ".The positioning of Lu Xun includes three meanings:first,the core of Lu Xun’s thought is"signing a person",whose ultimate purpose is to make everyone live a proper happiness of life;secondly, Lu Xun’s life is basically looking for implementing such purpose path,in the sense, as it were, Lu Xun is a human liberation explorer; thirdly, since Lu Xun is a human liberation explorer,so this discovery process naturally won’t be terminative because of Lu Xun’s death,the same time, it means Lu Xun’s discovery process itself is worth to explore, including the possibility and necessity of reflection standing in contemporary standpoint.Based on the above general understanding of Lu Xun,this paper research topics as follows:explore "the explorer"-making the contemporary rethinking of Lu Xun’s early thought of "signing a person" as the center.About the reasons of choosing the topic, two points need explaination:the first is real concern of researching "signing a person";the second is the reason of making Lu Xun’s early thought of "signing a person" as the center.More important is real need, except for academic defense,that is to say, "signing a person" is not only a academic problem, but also a a real problem, or rather, we still face the problems that Lu Xun faced. Simply said,the meaning of "signing a person" is"signing,and making a person".Howeve, in reality, "making a person"is mainly understood as"making a talent",namely,a person is not regarded as a person but a "talents" to treat and train. It leads the follow results:one the one hand, it is difficult for us to cultivate talents,on the other hand, this understanding and pursue in essence can’t help say another more advanced "reification".One-sided highlight of the usefulness of man like thing will stripe man’s connotation in training people into "talent" process.Thus,it will be vulnerable to a "only content" society so that people will rarely be seen and honoured as people firstly, even always damage the rights of other people and life for its own benefit and interference. Through Zi Jun, Lu Xun shouted out the strongest note "I am my own, none can’t interfere with my rights" in May-Fourth times,which aimed at thinking enlightenment of personal independence, independent and individual liberty;Today the problem person face is that" I interference in your rights, what can you do? " That is to say, the problem person face is not whether you has the right,but how guarantee the right inviolable,or how get effectively guarantee when it is violated.The person’s problem and the spirit of the times sickness highlight the importance and necessity of Lu Xun’s"signing a person",and inspire research train,namely, "signing a person" is not only a thought enlighten question,but also a problem of system design and arrangement.This paper focuses on Lu Xun’s early thought of "signing a person".On the one hand,start-up and orientationis more impornt than conclusion to the explorer.so,research on Lu Xun’searly thought of "signing a person" can gets youth Lu Xun’s value preferences judgment, unique thinking, and grasp to the problem of age.On the other hand,youth Lu Xun had put forward propositions of "signing a person"and "human nation",which is Lu Xun’s ideal pursue throughout his life.Based on this understanding, making Lu Xun’s early thought of "signing a person"as the center,this paper mainly discussed two problems rone is that how "sign person"is possibie,the other is that how"nation of humans"is possible.The paper is divided into five chapters,its structure as follows:The first chapter basically reveals the problems in Lu Xun research and accounts for the reasons of this paper topic and research methods.The second chapter basically outlines the pathogenesis of Lu Xun’s early thinking of "signing a person" and grasps its evolution of the track overall.The third chapter and the fourth chapter basically explore the possibility of "signing a person". The third chapter mainly discusses the historical significance and its characteristics of "Lu Xun’s individualism" in the history of "personal recognition" from the point of "huanm as human"and "human as a person". The fouth chapter mainly discusses some spirit characteristics of a person as spiritual subjects and the significance of "warrior in the spirit "to the modern construction of individual ideal personality.The fifth chapter mainly discusses Lu Xun’s "nation of human", its characteristics, and the possibility realistic approach to realize. The novelty and deficiencies of this paper.The novelty is to combine the sense of history and the sense of realization,and to actiate the latter by the former. Specifically, it takes dual attitudes of exploration and reflection on Lu Xun’s thought of "signing a person",based on the similarities and differences between times and history,on the one hand, excavating characteristics and significance of Lu Xun’s thought of "signing a person", on the other hand, displayingits missing link.Deficiencies as follows:first,it lacks systematic,not clearly outlining Lu Xun’thingking on the relationship between human and system. Second,the reflection on Lu Xun’s thought of "signing a person" is superficial.Many questions have been touched, but lacking system and further down, For example, the relation between Lu Xun’s thought of "signing a person"-"nation of human"and anarchism..These problems are expected to be further research..更多还原