【作者】 韩国政；

【导师】 徐丙垠；

【作者基本信息】 山东大学 ， 电力系统及其自动化， 2011， 博士

【摘要】 随着国民经济的发展和社会的进步,人们对供电可靠性的要求越来越高。配电网是电力系统中面向最终用户的关键环节,也是目前制约供电可靠性提高的瓶颈所在。加强配电网建设,实施配网自动化,解决配电网“盲管”问题,对于提高供电质量,保障社会经济的健康持续发展,具有十分重要的意义。近年来,智能电网、智能配电网的兴起又进一步推动了配网自动化的建设。配电网的一个重要特点就是终端设备点多面广,这就导致了配网自动化建设和维护的成本都很高。目前采用的通信规约只解决了数据传输问题,数据含义(来源)不明,数据之间缺少必要的关联关系,终端设备缺乏自描述功能。如何实现大量配网自动化设备的有效接入和减少维护的工作量,一直是困扰配网自动化发展的一大难题。IEC 61850为变电站自动化提供了统一的标准,为实现不同智能设备之间的互操作提供了基础。本文将IEC61850的技术和方法应用到配网自动化中,并结合目前广泛使用的IEC 60870-5-104标准,建立一套开放式的通信体系,力图解决配电终端之间、配电终端与主站之间的通信问题,最终实现配电终端的即插即用,减少施工和维护的工作量。具体研究内容包括：(1)分析了IP网络在配网自动化中的应用和性能,认为IP网络是目前配网自动化的发展方向,能够满足配网自动化通信的要求。通信网络是配网自动化通信体系的基础,采用IP网络有助于实现配电终端之间的对等通信,可以更多的使用标准的通信设备,简化配电自动化网络的建设。配网自动化使用分层的IP网络,变电站与控制中心之间为主干网络、配电终端与变电站之间为分支网络,分析了主干网络和分支网络的数据流量。采用OPNET进行仿真,结果表明采用光纤通信的IP网络,报文的传递时间<10ms,完全能够满足配网自动化的需要。在已建成的广州供电局配网自动化系统中,采用了IP通信网络,实践证明报文的传递时间(光纤通道<1s, GPRS通道<2s)满足要求。(2)建立了以IEC 61850为基础的配网自动化通信体系。总结分析了配网自动化通信体系的需求,包括通信接口、通信性能、数据刷新周期、配电终端的规模,将配网自动通信系统分为主站层、馈线层、终端层、过程层,提出了以IEC61850为基础,并结合其它通信规约的开放式配网自动化通信体系。对IEC 61850的配置语言进行了相应的扩展,增加了对馈线、环网柜的描述。论述了采用IEC61850的配网主站与配电终端之间、配电终端与配电终端之间通信系统的结构。(3)结合配网自动化的特点,扩展了IEC 61850的逻辑节点,建立了配电终端的信息模型。分析了配网自动化中的通信的功能应用,认为大部分功能可以采用IEC 61850-7-4的逻辑节点进行建模,对于配网自动化中特有的小电流接地故障选线和定位结合目前常用的几种算法,建立了相应的逻辑节点。在使用这些逻辑节点的基础上建立了柱上开关FTU、环网柜FTU、配变TTU、小电流接地选线装置等智能设备的设备信息模型。(4)增加了Discover/Register模型,用于实现配电终端的即插即用。分析了配网自动化通信体系的信息交换模型,认为大部分可以采用IEC 61850-7-2的抽象服务模型ACSI。为了实现配电终端与配网自动化主站之间的即插即用,提出了Discover/Register模型,用于主站发现新的配电终端和配电终端主动上报信息。(5)将配网自动通信体系的信息模型和信息交换模型映射到标准的通信规约上。将Discover/Register模型采用ASN.1表示,采用UDP通信,映射到IP网络。分析了GOOSE模型的实时性,提出了GOOSE模型的UDP映射方式,认为在配网自动化中UDP通信能够满足实时性的需求。对于核心服务可以采用MMS映射、Web Services映射、IEC 60870-5-104映射。重点论述了Web Services映射和IEC 60870-5-104映射,认为Web Services映射适合进行信息模型的传输,IEC 60870-5-104映射适合传输实时数据,将这两种映射相结合比较适合于配网自动化系统。(6)开发试验系统验证了本文提出的通信体系的可行性。试验系统包括配网主站配电终端数据采集模块Manager样机、配电终端FTU样机。Manager采用Visual C++编程实现了配电终端的自动发现、信息模型获取、实时数据接收等功能。FTU样机在科汇公司PZK-3平台的基础上实现了注册、信息模型发送、实时数据发送等功能。总结本文的主要研究工作,取得的创新性成果主要包括：(1)建立了基于IEC 61850的配网自动化通信体系。该体系采用IEC 61850的信息模型和信息交换模型,Web Services传输信息模型,IEC 60870-5-104传输实时数据。(2)针对于配网自动化的特点,扩展了IEC 61850的逻辑节点,定义了小电流接地故障选线、定位逻辑节点,建立了FTU的信息模型,扩展了IEC 61850的应用范围。(3)建立了发现/注册模型,实现了配网自动化主站系统与配电终端之间的即插即用。主站通过发现(Discover)命令召唤终端设备信息,终端设备通过注册(Register)命令将设备信息向主站进行注册。本文提出的基于IEC 61850的配网自动化通信体系,具有良好的开放性,能够促进配电终端信息模型的标准化,接口的规范化,提高设备之间的互操作性,实现即插即用,进而推动配网自动化、智能配电网的建设和发展。更多还原

【Abstract】 With the development of national economy and society, demands to improve reliability of power supply are growing in recent years. Electricity distribution is the final and key stage in the delivery of electricity to end users and it is also the bottleneck of the improvement of the power supply reliability. Statistical analysis of operational data shows that most of Customer Interruptions (CIs) are caused by the distribution network. It draws more and more concern to strengthen the construction of the distribution network. The rise of Smart Grid and Smart Distribution Grid further contribute to the construction of the distribution automation.One of the most import characteristics of the distribution automation is that the remote terminal units of distribution automation (DRTUs) have a great quantity and extensive dispersion, which leads to the high cost of the construction and the maintenance of the distribution automation system. Legacy communication protocols have only defined how bytes are transmitted on the wire. However, they do not specify the meaning (source) of the data and the relationship between the data are unknown. The terminal units do not have self-describing function. How to realize the effective access of large scale of DRTUs and reduce the workload is always a problem which discourages the development of the distribution automation.IEC 61850 is unique. It is a standard for the design of electrical substation automation and has more easily extendable than legacy protocols. This paper establishes an open communication architecture, with the application of IEC61850 and IEC 60870-5-104 standard which is widely used nowadays, trying to solve the communication problem among terminal units and the terminal units to the master station, to finally realize plug and play of the terminal units and reduce the workload of the installation and maintenance. Specific studies include:(1) This paper analyses the application and performance of IP network in distribution automation and draws a conclusion that the IP network can fully meet the requirements of DA. Communication network is the base of the distribution automation, and the use of IP network is predominant for the peer-to-peer communication between terminal units, which can use more standard communication equipments and simplify the construction of distribution automation system. In the distribution automation, layered IP network is used, which is the backbone network and the branch network. The backbone network is used between substations and the control center. The branch network is used between terminal units and substations. The paper analyses the data flow in the backbone and branch network. Simulation results using OPNET show that the packet delivery time is less than 10ms with the use of IP network on base of optical fiber, which is able to meet the requirements of distribution automation. The IP communication network is used in the distribution automation of Guangzhou Power Supply Bureau. The practice proves that the packet delivery time (in the optical fiber channel<1s, in the GPRS channel<2s) meets the requirements.(2) This paper proposes an open communication architecture in distribution automation based on IEC 61850. This paper analyzes and summarizes of the requirements of the communication system in distribution automation, including communication interfaces, communication performance, data refreshing cycle and the scale of the terminal units, and divides the communication system in distribution automation into master station level, circuit level, terminal unit level and process level, puts forward an open communication architecture in distribution automation based on IEC 61850 combined with other communication protocols. The corresponding extension of the configuration language of IEC 61850 and description of the circuit and Ring Main Units are proposed. The communication architecture based on IEC 61850 between the master station and terminal units and among terminal units is also discussed in this paper.(3) This paper expands the IEC 61850 logical node with the application of distribution automation and establishes information models of terminal units. Through analyzing the application of the communication functions in the distribution automation, it is considered that most of the functions can be modeled by the logical nodes in the IEC 61850-7-4. The single phase earth fault line selection and section location in non-effective earthed power system are not defined in IEC 61850. So, the logical nodes of line selection and detection on circuit are built according to several commonly used algorithms. The information models of those intelligent devices such as the FTU for the pole-mounted switch, the FTU for the ring main unit, the TTU for the distribution transformer and the fault-line selection equipment are built by using these logical nodes.(4) Discover/Register model is added for realizing the plug and play of terminal units. Through analyzing the information exchange model of the communication system in the distribution automation, most of the models can be modeled using the ACSI model defined in IEC 61850-7-2. To realize the plug and play of the distribution terminals, Discover/Register model is proposed for the master station discovering new terminal units and for the terminal units registering.(5) The information model and the information exchange model of the communication system in distribution automation are mapped into the standard communication protocol. Discover/Register model is represented by ASN.1 and mapped into the IP network with the use of communication protocol of UDP. The real-time capability of GOOSE model is analyzed, and the mapping of GOOSE using UDP is put forward as well in this paper. Simulation results indicate that the UDP can meet the requirements of the real-time performance in the distribution automation. Mapping to MMS, mapping to Web Services and mapping to IEC60870-5-104 can be used for the core service. This paper emphasizes mapping to Web Services and mapping to IEC 60870-5-104. Mapping to Web Services is suitable for the transmission of information model and mapping to IEC 60870-5-104 is suitable for real-time data transmission. The combination of these two mapping modes is suitable to be applied in the distribution automation.(6) The feasibility of the proposed communication architecture is verified by the testing system. The testing system consists of the Manager machine collecting data in the master station and the FTUs. Manager machine can realize the automatic discovery of terminal units, acquisition of the information model, real-time data acquirement and other functions. Manager is realized by using c++ programming language. FTU model machine can realize registration, information model transmission, real-time data transmission and other functions based on the PZK-3 platform from Kehui Company.Innovations of the paper as follows:(1) The plug and play communication architecture in distribution automation based on IEC 61850 is established in this paper. In this communication architecture, the information model and information exchange model are specified in IEC 61850. Web services are used for transmitting information model and IEC 60870-5-104 for real-time information.(2) Some extensions of the information model are made to meet with distribution automation. The logical nodes of line selection and earth fault location of single phase earth fault in non-effective earthed power system are defined. Based on these logical nodes, the device models of fault line selection and feeder terminal unit (FTU) are defined.(3) Discover/Register model is built to realize the plug and play of the distribution terminals. Discover is used for interrogation terminal units and terminal units report information of themselves by using Register message.The communication architecture proposed by this paper provides uniform information exchange for distribution automation. It will utilize information model and information exchange model of terminal units, and enable one to exchange information with master station independently of a vendor. This will greatly enhance the flexibility and adaptability of terminal units, speeding progress toward the realization of the Smart Grid concept.更多还原