【作者】 陈静；

【导师】 黄华新；

【作者基本信息】 浙江大学 ， 语言学及应用语言学， 2010， 博士

【摘要】 指称是语言学及认知科学研究的一个重大课题。在传统的语义学中,指称理论研究的是语言表达式与指称对象之间的关联,即语言和现实之间所具有的某种对应的或映射的关系。这一研究方向在相当长的时间内决定了指称理论的命运。然而,由于这种研究本身固有的局限性,指称理论正在不断地演变,指称从绝对的确定性到相对的非确定性,研究方法从反心理主义到意向性,开始朝着语用和认知两大方向转变。本文不再只是对专名和通名的对象作出静态的描述性说明,不再仅从语言的内部去探究语词的指称性,而更多地追求在动态的语境中语词的指称意义。本研究从语用和认知的角度出发,对语言中指称表达式进行尽可能全面的描写和梳理。基于对传统指称理论的分析和补充,本文利用当代语言学最新研究成果,重新探讨指称现象背后的语用认知机制,最终在关联激活和认知概念的理论框架下建构起一个新的有关指称运作的认知模型。本文是以语用指称性为主线,对指称现象从意义、语境、认知等方面进行多维度的综合考察。本文首先回顾了历史上具有代表性的指称理论,指出了指称研究转向语用和认知的必然性。本文的前半部分是从指称性定义、话语规则和指索词应用三个方面来阐述指称表达式的普通用法中语用指称性的问题。在第二章中,本文从陈平先生(2009)的《指称性的各方面》(Aspects of referentiality)一文出发,主要讨论了语用指称性的相对不确定性,并总结出指称性的语用制约条件。第三章谈的是如何在话语范围内确定和保持指称,本文从黄衍先生(1994/2007a)所构建的回指理论出发,探讨了零形回指(zero anaphora)先行词的搜索过程。第四章讨论的是指索词(indexical)的指称,探讨了语义解码和语用推理在指索词的理解过程中所起的作用。本文后半部分是在语用认知的视角下对指称表达式的特殊用法——延指——的语用指称性问题所作的初步探讨。第五章揭示了延指这一现象的产生机制,并介绍了其意象图式结构——延指等价句(deferred equative)。在此基础上,第六章将隐喻指称和转喻指称也归入延指,分析了它们之间的共性和差异,提出认知概念与关联刺激能够很好地结合在一起来解决延指理解的问题。本文最后在“指称是一种语用行为”论断的基础上,勾画了对指称作进一步研究的未来方向。本文阐释的重点是延指现象。这一概念是南博格(Nunberg,1978)首次提出的,至今仍是国际语言学家讨论的热点。然而,还未曾有人试图从语用认知的角度讨论过这一现象的产生机制。而本文就是要揭示延指现象的语用认知机制：表达的经济性→语义的异常性→缺陷可修补性→话语可接受性,而且指出它在言语交际中呈现出一种规约化、普遍化的语用趋势。延指也是一种普遍的语言现象,在世界各种语言中都有不同程度的表现。本文从已有的英语指称研究入手,对汉语指称表达式的应用进行分析,是一个英汉对比的研究。本文的语料英汉交叉,相互补充,力求为“语言是如何生成和理解的”这一重大问题的研究找到某种新的理据,以此探讨人类认知和语言规则的普遍性。更多还原

【Abstract】 Reference is one of the major topics in linguistics and cognitive science. In traditional semantics, reference theories aim to study the relationship between linguistic expressions and their referents, i.e. a correspondence or mapping between language and reality. This kind of research has been determining the fate of reference theory for a long time. However, due to the inherent limitations of this research, theories of reference have been evolving towards the pragmatic as well as cognitive perspectives:referring expressions are from absolutely definite to relatively indeterminate; the research methods are from anti-mentalist to intentional. The central theme of the study of reference is not only a static description of proper and general names, or an exploration of referentiality inside language, but a pursuit for the referent of words in the dynamic context.From the perspectives of pragmatics and cognition, this thesis describes and classifies referring expressions in language as comprehensively as possible. By presenting an overview of traditional theories of reference, and drawing insights from the latest developments in contemporary linguistics, this thesis explores both the pragmatic and cognitive mechanisms underlying a variety of referential phenomena with a view to constructing a novel pragmatic-cognitive model of reference under the theorectical framework of relevance activation and cognitve concept. By addressing the interaction between meaning, context and cognition, the thesis is a multidimensional survey of reference with a special focus on pragmatic referentiality. It begins with a critical review of some classic theories on reference and points out the inevitability of the pragmatic-cognitive turn in the study of reference. The first half of the thesis analyzes pragmatic referentiality with regard to referring expressions from the aspects of its definition, discourse principles and applications to indexicals. Starting from "Aspects of referentiality" (Chen,2009), the thesis primarily discusses the relative indeterminacy of pragmatic referentiality and spells out the pragmatic constraints on referentiality in Chapter 2. Chapter 3 explores how to determine the referent and maintain reference in spoken discourse. Following the theory of anaphora that Huang (1994/2007a) has constructed, the thesis delineates the antecedent search procedure for zero anaphors. Chapter 4 contributes to the discussion of the reference of indexicals, exploring what roles semantic decoding and pragmatic inference play in the interpretation of indexicals. The second half makes tentative research on a special use of referring expressions—deferred reference—from the perspectives of pragmatics and cognition. Chapter 5 seeks to discover the productive mechanism behind this phenomenon and introduces its image schema structure—deferred equative. Based on the previous conclusion, Chapter 6 points out that metaphoric reference and metonymic reference are different forms of deferred reference. The author analyzes the similarities and differences between them, and argues that the combination of cognitive concept and stimulus of relevance can be a good resolution to the interpretation of deferred reference. At last, based on the statement that "referring is a pragmatic act", the thesis outlines the future orientation in the field of pragmatic and cognitive studies on reference.The thesis puts an emphasis on deferred reference, which was first introduced by Nunberg (1978). It remains a hot topic in the study of linguisitics all over the world, but no one seems to seek the productive mechanism of this phenomenon from the perspecives of pragmatics and cognition. Therefore, the aim of the thesis is to discover its pragmatic and cognitive mechanism spelling out as:functional economy→semantic anomaly→defective repair-ability→utterance acceptability, which is a conventionalized, universal, pragmatic tendency in verbal communication.Deferred reference is also a universal language phenomenon, diversely displayed in different knids of languages around the world. Starting from the previous research on reference in English, the thesis also analyzes the application of referring expressions in Chinese. Thus, it becomes a comparison study between English and Chinese. The data are from English and Chinese, which can be complementary to each other. The thesis tries to find new evidences for the study of "how lanugage is generated and understood", for the purpose of exploring the universality in human cognition and language rules.更多还原