【作者】 翁定河；

【导师】 郑金贵； 梁康迳； 郭玉春；

【作者基本信息】 福建农林大学 ， 作物栽培学与耕作学， 2011， 博士

【摘要】 福建省属南方马铃薯冬作区,是我国最早种植马铃薯的地区之一,马铃薯种植已有300多年的历史。随着福建省农业产业结构的调整,马铃薯的种植面积日益扩大,在春粮作物中的地位越发显现。近年来,马铃薯的用途发生根本转变,从传统的粮菜兼用向休闲食品、工业淀粉、生物医药等多用途的拓展,需求与日俱增,加之福建省发展马铃薯具有独特的优势,大力发展福建省马铃薯生产具有重大的现实意义。福建大力发展马铃薯生产始于上世纪80年代后期,本人在负责推广福建省冬种马铃薯生产过程中,发现因地域性和栽培习惯的影响,普遍存在着品种杂乱、栽培管理粗放,栽培方式各异,标准不统一,栽培模式亟待完善等诸多问题,导致区域间发展不平衡,产量与商品性差异较大。在总结闽南冬作区农户高产成功经验的基础上,借鉴稻草全程覆盖栽培方式,结合福建生产实际,整合了稻草覆盖、高培土和有机肥盖种等关键栽培技术,于2003年首次提出了马铃薯稻草包芯高产栽培技术,并在龙海等主产区得到了广泛应用,之后被福建省农业厅、省发改委等单位列为首推的马铃薯栽培新技术,在全省大面积示范推广,并辐射到广东惠东等省外地区。为了完善稻草包芯栽培,建立适宜的马铃薯高产高效技术体系,制定切实可行的栽培技术规范,推行标准化栽培,以期为进一步发展马铃薯生产提供技术支撑。为此,本论文以紫花851和中薯3号为供试材料,从栽培方式的筛选与验证,植株的产量形成、形态发生和生理生化特性等角度,在群体、个体和组织水平,对稻草包芯栽培的农艺性状、高产形成、土壤微生物及其生理机制等方面进行了研究,经2007-2010年为期4年的连续研究,形成结果如下:1)马铃薯不同栽培方式与主产区稻草包芯栽培的产量等性状表现:不同栽培方式筛选和主要栽培方式比较研究表明,在各种栽培方式中以稻草包芯效果最佳,综合表现良好,该方法操作简便,农民易接受,包芯后保水增温,疏松土层,有效减少裂薯率,提高商品率,产量高,增产显著,大面积的示范也验证了该方法的高产性和实用性,可见稻草包芯栽培适于在福建省各产区推广使用。2)稻草包芯栽培马铃薯的生长发育表现:研究结果表明,稻草包芯栽培的茎叶、根和匍匐茎重高于对照,不同品种间匍匐茎的生长存在差异,组织结构的解剖显示,稻草包芯栽使块茎有明显的、全面的增粗膨大的效果,器官分化同步均匀,发育一致,有利于营养物质的积累,造粉粒的出现有利于提高马铃薯块茎的质量。3)适宜的用草量、氮钾肥施用量和种植密度等关键栽培技术的确定:研究结果表明,稻草覆盖量2700kg和4200kg两个处理间的产量差异不显著,尽管二者产量相当,但由于用草量增加1500kg,增加了相应成本,经济效益下降,以每公顷2700kg为宜。马铃薯产量与N、K肥施用量呈抛物线型相关。在试验条件下,每公顷的经济施N量240 kg,经济施K量为201kg,相应预期产量为3.75t。平均每生产1000kg块茎需施N肥6.4 kg,K肥5.4 kg, N、K比1:0.84。通过对9种不同种植密度处理的线性模式分析可知,产量随种植密度的增加而增加,其中每公顷种植密度为8.25万株的产量最高,此后产量将随种植密度继续增加而逐渐降低。4)高产生理特性和生化特征研究:研究结果表明,①在整个生育期内稻草包芯栽培的光合能力强,物质生产积累多,分配合理。具体表现为,叶面积大,叶绿素含量、光合势和净同化率高于对照,分别比对照高4.8%、33.9%、17.0%和23.3%以上。稻草包芯栽培T/R值表现为前期高中期低后期高的特性。②就光合相关酶活而言,RUBP羧化酶、Mg2+-ATP酶和Ca2+-ATP酶的活性都强于对照的,各酶在播后75d、60d和75d,分别达37umol/mg.min、235.4umol/mg·min和454.7 umol/mg·min。而稻草包芯栽培的乙醇酸氧化酶与过氧化物酶活性则低于对照。③在整个生育期内,包芯马铃薯的氮素同化酶,亚硝酸酶活性普遍高于对照,尤其播种后60天,稻草包芯栽培活性比对照高166.0%以上。④根系活力root activity也明显高于对照,稻草包芯栽培的根系活力较对照高30.0%。其K素吸收规律呈现出吸收力强,所需K素的94%来从土壤,吸收盛期在现蕾前14d至成熟前15d,成熟前15d至成熟,基本停止吸收土壤K素。⑤本研究表明,稻草包芯栽培有利于叶片脯氨酸含量积累,不同品种之间稻草包芯栽培较对照均有不同程度的提高,达显著水平。而稻草包芯栽培较对照的叶片MDA含量均呈不同程度的下降趋势。稻草包芯栽培植株的在生长前中后三期的SOD、CAT和POD的酶活趋势均呈不同程度的上升趋势,达显著水平。稻草包芯栽培能减缓自由基对植株细胞膜伤害。⑥在块茎形成前后,稻草包芯栽培与对照相比,GA和ABA及其比值表现出相同趋势,即ABA的上升和GA的下降,是块茎形成重要条件,但是GA/ABA的变化具有更重要的作用,GA和ABA比值在50以上时,是匍匐茎伸长阶段,当比值下降到26以下,块茎开始形成,且在块茎形成期,GA和ABA比值始终处于较低水平。稻草包芯较之对照而言,其GA和ABA的含量及比值更趋合理,由此可以认为,稻草包芯有利于ABA和GA处于一定的水平,对是块茎形成的有利。5)稻草包芯栽培方式中土壤环境研究:①稻草包芯栽培与常规栽培相比,可以明显增加土壤中绝大多数微生物的数量,它可以使细菌、真菌和放线菌等三大微生物类群以及固氮菌、氨化细菌、亚硝酸细菌、纤维素分解菌等有益功能类群数量大幅度增加,而且可以有效抑制反硝化细菌的数量。尤其在播后45d,稻草包芯栽培土壤的细菌、真菌和放线菌等四大微生物类群与氨化细菌、亚硝酸细菌、固氮菌和纤维素细菌等功能类群的数量与对照的差异均达到了显著水平。②在土壤酶方面,稻草包芯栽培与对照相比,可以有效的提高过氧化氢酶、纤维素酶、蔗糖酶、碱性磷酸酶的活性,而脲酶活性却有所下降。③稻草包芯栽培能有效的提高土壤的温度,在10cm和20cm的土壤层土壤温度在整个生育期均普遍高于对照。6)根据多年来的研究结果结合各地的生产实际,制定了福建省马铃薯稻草包芯栽培的技术规程。更多还原

【Abstract】 Fujian province, which is one of the earliest regions of the planting potato, belongs to the winter-planting potato zone with more than 300 years of potato-planting history in the South China. The planting areas of potato have been increased along with structural adjustment for agriculture industry in Fujian. The potato has been already increasingly important among spring crops. In recent years, there has been a fundamental change in the function of potato, which was from traditional grain-vegetable to fallow foods, industrial starch and biomedicine. The demand for potato grows with each passing day. Therefore, striving to develop the winter-planting potato is great significance for Fujian province.Production of potato in Fujian began with later 1980s. The author was in responsible for the extend of winter-planting potato and found out that there were many problems, such as confusion variety, cultivation management extensive, difference of cultivation styles, definition of standard, imperfect cultivation modes et al., which leaded to the imbalance of development in different regions and the obvious difference between yield and commodity. Based on successful experience of winter-planting potato with high yield in the south of Fujian province and combined with actual production in Fujian, the key cultivation methods of sandwich straw, replenishing soil and covering seed by organic fertilizer had been integrated by used the cultivation of sandwich straw. And the high yield cultivation method of sandwich straw potato had been put forward in 2003 and was widely applied in the producing areas, Longhai. Then this technology first elected by Fujian Provincial Department of Agriculture and Fujian Development and Reform Commission has been demonstrated and extended over the province and spread to Huizhou in Guangdong province. For improving the sandwich straw model, the high yielding and high efficiency technology system and practical technical standard of cultivation had been established and formulated in order to provide technological support for the further development of potato. Therefore, in this paper Zihua 851 and Zhongshu 3 were employed as the plant materials for the experiments on agronomic characteristics, formation of high yield, soil microbes and physiological mechanisms of sandwich straw potato from 2007 to 2010.1) Different cultivation methods had been researched. The results showed that the method of sandwich straw model was the best for its comprehensive performance. This method is easy for operation for farmers to accept with pleasure. It could conserve soil water and increase temperature, create loosen soil structure, effectively reduce cracked and green tuber percentage, increase marketable tuber percentage, and more importantly significantly increase potato yield. In the process of demonstrating, its characteristics of high-yield and practicability had also been tested. So this technique should be recommended in such place as Fujian.2) The results of sandwich straw potato growth and development indicated that the weights of leaf, stem, roots and long creeping stems by sandwich straw model were higher than the control, but it was different of long creeping stems growth among different varieties. The results of anatomic and histological structure showed that the technique of sandwich straw model could promote tuber growing widely and its intumescence. The organ differentiation of tuber was coincident, which was beneficial to the accumulation of nutritive. The appearance of amyloplastid could increase the quality of potato tuber.3) The key cultivation techniques, such as sandwich straw consumption, nitrogen （N） and potassium （K） application amount, and planting density, had been determination. The results showed that there was not significant difference between 2700 kg/hm2 consumption of rice straw and 4200 kg /hm2. But the consumption of 2700 kg/hm2, which could save cost and increase economic benefits, was better than 4200kg/hm2. The potato yield correlated to the amount of N and K application parabolically. Under the test conditions, the economic N and K application were respectively determined to be 240 kg/hm-2 and 201 kg/hm-2 with an expected yield of 3.75 t/hm-2. On the average, 6.4 kg for N and 5.4 kg of K fertilizers were required to produce 1 000 kg tubers. And the nitrogen-potassium rate was 1︰0.84. The linear model analysis results of nine kinds of planting density indicated that yield increased as planting density increased. The yield was the highest with planting density of 82, 500 plants per hm2, and then the yield decreased as the planting density increased.4) The high yield physiologic and biochemical characters were also analyzed.①The photosynthetic capacity of sandwich straw in the whole growth period was high, and so was the accumulation of mass production. The leaf index, chlorophyll content, photosynthetic potential and net assimilation rate were 4.8%, 33.9%, 17.0%, and 23.3% higher than the control. The T / R value of sandwich straw was high in the prior period, low in the mid-term and high in the later period.②The Sandwich straw of potato activity of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase, Mg-ATPase and Ca²⁺-ATPase were generally higher than in control. There enzymes were 37umol/mg.min, 235.4umol/mg.min and 454.7 umol/mg.min in the 75 days ,60 days and 75 days after sowing, but for glycolate oxidase and peroxidase lower than in control.③In the whole growth period, the nitrogen assimilation enzymes and nitrite reductase activity of sandwich straw potato were higher than in control. Especially in the 60 days after sowing, the nitrogen assimilation enzymes and nitrite reductase were 166.0% higher than the control.④The root activity was also 30.0% higher than the control. The absorption regularity of K was strong and 94% K needed was from soil. The vigorous stage of the absorption of K occurred during the 14d before squaring to the 15d prior to maturation. The absorption of K was stopped during the 15d prior to maturation to the maturation.⑤Sandwich straw model was beneficial to the accumulation of praline, which for different varieties were significantly higher than the control. But the MDA content of leaf of sandwich straw was lower than the control. The activity of SOD, CAT and POD appeared increasing trend with different degrees. The sandwich straw model could reduce the harm to the cell membrane.⑥The content of GA and ABA and the ratio between them appeared the same trend during the period of formation of tuber. And the increasing of ABA and the decreasing of GA were the important conditions for the tuber. But the ratio of ABA and GA played more important role in the formation of tuber. When the ratio of ABA and GA was more than 50, it was the elongation stage for creeping stem, and the tuber started to form when the ration less than 26. The ratio was at low level in the stage of tuber formation. Compared to the control, the ABA and GA content and their ratio were much more reasonable. Therefore, sandwich straw model was beneficial for the tuber formation.5) The soil environment with sandwich straw had been researched.①Sandwich straw could raise the content of soil bacteria, including nitrogen-fixing bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes, ammonification bacteria, nitrite bacteria, bacterial cellulose, and it could decrease denitrifying bacteria.They were markedly higher than the control. Especially in the 45 days after sowing, Sandwich straw soil bacteria, nitrogen-fixing bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes, ammonification bacteria, nitrite bacteria, cellulose have reached a significant level.②Sandwich straw cultivation can effectively improved Soil enzyme activity compared to control. For example, catalase, cellulase, invertase, and alkaline phosphatase activity, but for urease sandwich straw was lower than the conventional cultivation.③Sandwich straw could increase the soil temperature. The soil temperature in the soil layer of 10cm and 20cm in the whole growth period were generally higher than the control.6) According to the results of years of research and combined with the actual production, the technological regulation of sandwich straw model for potato in Fujian had been worked out.更多还原