【作者】 叶世森；

【导师】 赵士熙；

【作者基本信息】 福建农林大学 ， 农业昆虫与害虫防治， 2011， 博士

【摘要】 本研究以闽北锥栗林为对象,以节肢动物群落为中心,采用锥栗林系统调查、室内种类鉴定、林间和室内外试验相结合的方法,运用生态学、统计学、分类学和计算机科学等知识首次系统地研究了锥栗林节肢动物群落结构与动态,分析和探讨了锥栗不同主栽品种、不同经营管理方式、不同害虫控制措施、不同海拔高度等因子对锥栗林节肢动物群落结构与动态的影响,对锥栗林主要害虫的种群数量动态的调控作用,锥栗林主要害虫的空间分布格局,并首次提出锥栗林主要害虫生态调控技术体系。其主要结论如下:1.首次系统地开展锥栗林节肢动物群落调查,共采集到锥栗林节肢动物209种,分别隶属于2个纲17个目100个科,其中锥栗林林冠层节肢动物分别隶属2纲17目94科176种,锥栗林林下层节肢动物分别隶属2纲17目89科177种。2.在年周期内锥栗林林冠层类群的物种丰富度、个体数量、优势集中性指数比林下层类群高,物种多样性指数、均匀度指数比林下层类群低。林冠层类群以植食性集团的个体数量最大,蜘蛛类集团在林冠层是较为稳定的集团,寄生性集团和中性集团占林冠层类群比例较小,波动变化也较小。林下层节肢动物类群也以植食性集团个体数量最多,中性集团是林下层的第二大集团。林冠层类群中天敌类群(蜘蛛类集团、捕食性集团、寄生性集团)的物种多样性高于中性集团和植食性集团,林下层寄生性天敌中个体数量在物种间分布均匀,种群间稳定性较好。3.应用最优分割法,将锥栗林节肢动物群落时间格局进行了划分,林冠层和林下层二类群均分割成3个阶段。应用主分量分析法,明确了林冠层和林下层节肢动物类群的主导因素。应用多元逐步回归分析法和多样性通径分析法,分析了林冠层和林下层节肢动物类群的物种多样性指数与物种数、均匀度指数、优势集中性指数的相关性。应用模糊聚类分析法,分别对林冠层和林下层节肢动物类群进行模糊聚类分析。4.林冠层和林下层节肢动物类群在物种的组成上具有较高的相似性,林冠层与林下层的蜘蛛类集团、捕食性集团、寄生性集团之间均呈显著正相关,典型相关分析表明:二类群结构间的关系主要表现为物种多样性的相互促进。5.在周年内,相对锥栗林管理撂荒型,管理精细无防型降低林冠层的物种数、个体数量不明显,但明显提高了物种多样性和均匀度,降低了优势集中性;管理精细化防型和管理粗放化防型明显降低了林冠层的物种数、个体数量、物种多样性、均匀度,提高优势集中性;管理粗放无防型对林冠层影响不明显;各种经营管理方式都不同程度地降低了林下层的物种数、个体数、物种多样性指数、物种丰富度指数、均匀度指数,提高了优势集中性指数,都会不同程度地影响两类群各功能集团的组成和结构特征。6.不同主栽品种的锥栗林林冠层的物种数相近,个体数量、优势集中性指数、物种多样性指数、均匀度指数有差异,对林冠层的植食性集团、寄生性集团、捕食性集团影响明显,对锥栗林林下层节肢动物类群的影响不明显7.以锥栗林未防治为对照,所有害虫控制措施都不同程度地降低了林冠层类群的物种数、个体数量、物种多样性指数、物种丰富度指数、均匀度指数,提高了优势集中性指数。氧化乐果喷雾对林下层类群影响显著,其它害虫控制措施对锥栗林林下层节肢动物类群影响不显著。8.不同海拔高度下的林冠层的物种组成差异较大,低海拔区、中海拔区、高海拔区之间的类群动态差异明显,海拔高度对锥栗林林冠层类群影响明显。随着海拔高度的增高,林下层的物种数、个体数、物种丰富度指数、物种多样性指数、均匀度指数而降低,优势集中性指数而增高。9.通过频次分布检验、聚集度指标检验、Iwao M*—X回归模型等6个回归模型检验,都表明了栗瘿蜂虫瘿、栗链蚧雌成虫和若虫、栗实象幼虫在锥栗林呈聚集分布,其分布基本成分为个体群,且个体间相互吸引。栗瘿蜂虫瘿、栗链蚧雌成虫和若虫虫口数量在锥栗林单株不同方向和层次间存在差异。栗实象幼虫虫口数量在锥栗林单株的不同方向上差异不显著。采用Bliackith种群聚集均数(λ)检验聚集原因表明栗瘿蜂虫瘿、栗链蚧雌成虫和若虫、栗实象幼虫的聚集由昆虫行为或昆虫行为与环境异质性两因素互作引起的。10.建立了栗瘿蜂虫瘿、栗链蚧雌成虫和若虫、栗实象幼虫的Iwao序贯抽样表、Kuno风险决策序贯抽样表、Iwao-Kuno(1968)理论抽样数。通过零频率法研究也表明栗瘿蜂虫瘿在锥栗林空间格局为聚集型,种群类型为聚集度零频率制约型,并求出零频率方法的理论抽样数。11.锥栗不同主栽品种、不同经营管理方式、不同害虫控制措施、不同海拔高度等因子对栗瘿蜂、栗链蚧、栗实象种群数量调控作用明显。锥栗林主要害虫的防治技术试验表明吡虫啉、修剪对栗瘿蜂和栗链蚧的防治效果较好、挂瘿对栗瘿蜂害防治效果较好,冬季垦复对栗实象的防治效果较好。并提出了锥栗林主要害虫生态调控技术体系。更多还原

【Abstract】 In this study,according the systematical investigation of Castanea henryi forest,the trial of field and indoor,the structure and dynamics of arthropod community in Castanea henryi forest were studied systematically for the first time,by knowledge and technique of ecology,taxonomy,statistics and computer etc..The influence to the structure and dynamics of arthropod community in Castanea henryi forest and the regulation function to the population quantity of major pests were analyzed and discussed by the factors that different Castanea henryi variety,different management and operation way,different pest control measure,different altitude above sea level.The spatial distribution pattern of the major pests were studied and the ecological regulation and management technology system were proposed for the first time.The results were as follows:1. The arthropod community in Castanea henryi forest were investigated systematically for the first time.The 209 species that belonged to 2 classes,17 orders and 100 families were collected.The 176 species that belonged to 2 classes,17 orders and 94 families were collected from the Castanea henryi canopy,the 177 species that belonged to 2 classes,17 orders and 89 families were collected from the underlayer of Castanea henryi forest.2.In the annual period the richness,individual number and dominant concentration of the canopy arthropod group were much more than the underlayer arthropod group.The diversity and evenness of the canopy arthropod group were lower than the underlayer arthropod group.The individual number of the canopy phytophagous groups was the most.The proportion of the parasitic and neutral groups were small and the fluctuation were also small.The individual number of the phytophagous groups was also the most in the the underlayer arthropod group, the neutral groups were the scend groups.The diversity of the natural enemies groups in the canopylayer were more than the phytophagous and neutral groups, The individual number of the parasitic groups distributes evenly and stably. 3.The arthropod community time pattern was divided to 3 stages by optimal partition methods.The predominant factors of the arthropod community were maked clear by the principal component analysis methods.The pertinency between the diversity and the richness, evenness , dominant concentration were analyzed by regress and path analysis method.The underlayer and canopy layer arthropod groups were analyzed by the Clustering analysis method.4.There were high similarity in the species composition between the underlayer and canopy arthropod groups.There were distinct positive relativity in the predacity groups, parasitic groups, spider groups between the underlayer and canopy arthropod groups.The relation of the two groups were showed the mutual promotions of the diversity by the typical pertinency analysis method.5. In the annual period contrast to the type that was deserted, the type that was managed carefully and controlled without chemical decreased the richness,individual number of the canopy group unobviously,but increased the diversity , evenness and decreased the dominant concentration obviously.The type that was managed carefully and controlled with chemical and the type that was managed carelessly and controlled with chemical decreased the richness,individual number, specis diversity and evenness of the canopy groups, but increased the dominant concentration obviously.The type that was managed carelessly and controlled without chemical influence unobviously to the canopy groups.All the management types would decrease the richness,individual number , specis diversity ,evenness of the underlayer group and increase the dominant concentration, influence the component and structure of all the function groups.6..There were similarity in the richness, but were different in the individual number , dominant concentration ,specis diversity and evenness between the canopy groups of different variety.The different variety influence the phytophagous groups, parasitic groups, predacity groups obviously,influence the underlayer arthropod group unobviously.7.Contrast to the type that was managed without pest control measure,all the pest control measure would decrease the richness,individual number , specis diversity and evenness of the canopy groups, but increase the dominant concentration.Flolimat influence the underlayer arthropod group obviously,but other pest control measure influence the underlayer arthropod group unobviously.8.The component of species of the canopy arthropod group were different obviously between the different altitude above sea level.The dynamics of arthropod groups were different obviously among the low altitude above sea level region, the middling altitude above sea level region, the tall altitude above sea level region.The different altitude above sea level influence the canopy arthropod group obviously.With the altitude above sea level increasing, the richness,individual number , specis diversity and evenness of the underlayer group decrease, but the dominant concentration increase.9.That showed the space distrubution of Dryocosmas kuriphrilus Yasumatus, Asterolecanium castaneae Russell, Curculio davidi Fairmaira coincide with aggregation distribution by the frequency distribution test , the aggregation index test and the regression model test.The aggregation causation were tested by the Bliackith species group aggregation average number(λ).That showed the aggregation of Dryocosmas kuriphrilus Yasumatus, Asterolecanium castaneae Russell, Curculio davidi Fairmaira were caused by the insect behaviour or the effect between the insect behaviour and environment inhomogeneity.10.Baseed on Dryocosmas kuriphrilus Yasumatus, Asterolecanium castaneae Russell, Curculio davidi Fairmaira space pattern, Iwao sequential sampling table, Kuno risk adhocery sequential sampling table, Iwao-Kuno(1968)theoretical sampling number were upbuilded.That showed the space distrubution of Dryocosmas kuriphrilus Yasumatus, Asterolecanium castaneae Russell, Curculio davidi Fairmaira coincide with aggregation distribution and the species group type was“zore frequency dependent”by the zero frequency method, and the theoretical sampling number by zero frequency method was upbuilded.11.The factors that different variety, different management type, different pest control measure, different altitude above sea level adjust and control the population quantity of Dryocosmas kuriphrilus Yasumatus, Asterolecanium castaneae Russell, Curculio davidi Fairmaira obviously.The result of control experiment showed the control effect of the imidacloprid , fruit tree pruning, hanging the gall were good.The ecological regulation and management technology system were proposed.更多还原