【作者】 徐茜；

【导师】 陈辉；

【作者基本信息】 福建农林大学 ， 作物栽培学与耕作学， 2011， 博士

【摘要】 氯是烟草必需的营养元素,但对烟叶燃烧性不利,导致氯营养的重要性易被忽视。目前,我国各烟区烤烟氯含量均低于国外优质烤烟。本研究系统分析了南平烟区土壤和烟叶的营养元素丰缺状况,烟叶氯含量及其与土壤氯含量、化学成分、烟气成分、评吸质量的关系,烟株氯吸收动态变化规律,氯化钾对烟叶色素含量、光合作用、光呼吸、根系活力、碳氮代谢、膜质过氧化及相关保护酶、烟叶解剖结构、烟叶蛋白质组学的影响,以及适宜氯化钾用量和用法等栽培技术措施,为南平烟区科学合理施用氯肥提供科学依据,提高烟叶质量和市场竞争力,对南平烤烟生产的可持续发展具有重要的意义。本文主要试验结果如下:1、2008年南平植烟土壤养分分析表明:pH值稍低、有机质适宜,氮、磷含量较为适宜,钾比较缺乏,钙、镁、硫含量较为适宜;氯相对缺乏,锰、铁、锌含量充足,铜含量基本适宜,硼相对缺乏。烤烟C3F烟叶的氮含量基本适宜,磷含量适宜,钾含量较高,钙属于缺～低范围,镁、硫含量较为适宜;氯、钼绝大部分属于缺～低的范围,锰、锌、铜含量适宜,铁含量基本适宜,硼相对缺乏。2、2009年南平植烟土壤平均水溶性氯含量21.26 mg·kg^-1,65.95%土壤的水溶性氯含量处于较低及低水平,总体属于中等偏低;南平烟叶平均氯含量0.13%,90. 10%烟叶氯含量处于低及缺水平。针对南平烟区降雨充足、土壤氯含量中等偏低、烟叶氯含量低的状况,可以适量增施氯肥。3、南平不同烤烟品种烟叶氯平均含量以CB-1最高,K326、云烟85次之,云烟87再次,红大最低。4、烟叶氯含量与总糖呈显著正相关,与挥发碱呈显著负相关,与燃烧性呈显著正相关。氯含量适当增加对改善烟叶颜色、身份有积极的作用,过高会对烟叶色度造成不利的影响。当烟叶氯含量为0.2%～0.3%时,烟叶评吸质量最好;氯含量>0.3%时,评吸质量随氯含量的提高而降低。5、氯化钾用量与株高、叶片数呈极显著正相关,与茎围呈显著负相关;氯化钾用量与叶干物质量呈极显著正相关。氯化钾用量对烤烟氮、磷、钾、氯、镁的吸收和积累均有不同程度的促进作用,其中以对氯、钾的积累和氮的吸收的作用更为明显。氯化钾用量对烤烟下部叶氯含量的影响大于中部叶和上部叶。氯化钾用量与氯含量呈极显著正相关,与总糖、还原糖呈显著负相关。综合烤烟农艺性状、经济性状、化学成分、外观质量及评吸质量的整体表现, 45～90 kg·hm^-2的氯化钾用量可满足烤烟氯素营养需求,烟叶质量最佳。6、（1）K326、云烟85两个品种烤烟施氯化钾后农艺性状、经济性状、化学成分、评吸质量的整体表现,均优于未施氯化钾的对照,云烟85的表现更好。（2）综合烤烟大田生育期、农艺性状、经济性状、氯及其它化学成分、氯化钾与硫酸钾成本表现,以土壤水溶性氯含量10.88 mg·kg^-1,氯化钾45 kg·hm^-1的处理整体表现最好,其次是土壤水溶性氯含量10.88 mg·kg^-1,氯化钾90 kg·hm^-1的处理。5.81 mg·kg^-1、10.88 mg·kg^-1、18.38 mg·kg^-1的土壤水溶性氯含量条件下,均以氯化钾45 kg·hm^-2的处理烟叶的农艺性状、经济性状、氯及其它化学成分整体表现较好,其次是氯化钾90 kg·hm^-2的处理。（3）氯化钾作为基肥干施可明显提高下部叶氯含量;追肥浇肥可提高中部叶氯含量,而对下部叶和上部叶氯含量则没有影响。综合农艺性状、经济性状和化学成分而言,施用氯化钾肥以基肥干施的方式最优。（4）随着钾肥用量的增加,烟叶钾、氯含量均呈先增加,达最大值然后下降的趋势;烟叶钾含量与钾肥用量呈极显著正相关。综合农艺性状、经济性状、化学成分的总体表现,以处理施纯氮127.5 kg·hm^-2,氮磷钾比例为1:0.8: 2.5最优,其次是处理施纯氮127.5 kg·hm^-2,氮磷钾比例为1:0.8: 2.8。（5）施用鸡粪有机肥对烟叶氯含量没有明显影响。综合经济性状、外观质量和化学成分的整体表现来看,以施鸡粪氮30 kg·hm^-2的处理最优。（6）施用含氯化钾烤烟专用肥675 kg·hm^-2的处理经济性状及化学成分含量总体表现最优,可一定程度地提高烟叶氯含量。7、不同的氯化钾浓度处理对烟叶的生理过程及多种酶活性的影响存在差异。2 mmol·L^-1的氯化钾浓度处理,烟叶的色素含量高、光合作用强、光呼吸适当,烟苗根系活力、碳氮代谢旺盛,烟叶细胞膜结构完整、保护酶活性高,烟叶生长发育较好,叶片较厚;其次是4 mmol·L^-1的氯化钾处理。8、烤烟幼苗（cv. K326）在不同浓度的KCl水培营养液中处理后,叶片中有6个是氯化钾胁迫下未表达或无法检测到的蛋白点, 6个是新的盐胁迫响应的蛋白点;有17个和7个蛋白点分别被上调和下调。质谱分析共鉴定出7个蛋白,代表了6种不同的蛋白,其中2个点是同一个蛋白（1,5-二磷酸核酮糖羧化/加氧酶）。5个蛋白是已知的盐胁迫响应蛋白,包括1,5-二磷酸核酮糖羧化/加氧酶、依赖辅酶NADP的山梨醇-6-磷酸脱氢酶、微管结合蛋白、依赖辅酶NADP的铁氧还蛋白还原酶、转座酶。这些蛋白参与了盐适应过程中有机渗透剂山梨醇的合成;细胞骨架维持;光合作用;碳代谢;转座子转座过程。更多还原

【Abstract】 Chlorine is necessary nutrients for tobacco, but it has negative effects on tobacco leaf combustion and in turn resulting in the importance of chlorine nutrition is overlooked easily. At present, the chlorine contents of flue-cured tobacco of all cultivating areas in our country were lower than those of the foreign high quality flue-cured tobacco. Firstly, the nutrients of tobacco cultivated soil and flue-cured tobacco leaf in Nanping was systematically analyzed in this study. Secondly, the chlorine content of flue-cured tobacco leaves and its relationship with soil chloride content, the chemical composition, smoke composition, the smoking quality was also studied. Thirdly, the chlorine absorbing dynamics law of tobacco plants and effects of potassium chloride on tobacco pigment contents, photosynthesis, photorespiration, root activity, carbon and nitrogen metabolism, lipid peroxidation and related protective enzymes, leaf anatomical structure and tobacco proteomics were also analyzed. At last, cultivating techniques such as optimum potassium chloride amount and corresponding usage were studied in this paper. All this studies could provide the scientific basis for the rational application of chloride fertilizer in Nanping, improve the quality and market competitiveness of tobacco leaf. It had great significance for the sustainable development of flue-cured tobacco production in Nanping. The results in this paper were as follows.Nutrients of tobacco cultivated soil and flue-cured tobacco leaf of Nanping were analyzed in 2008. The results showed that the soil had lower acidity and appropriate organic matter content. The contents of nitrogen, phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, sulfur and copper were relatively appropriate. The contents of manganese, iron, zinc were adequate. The contents of potassium, chlorine and boron were relatively scarce.The contents of potassium in tobacco leaf of Nanping were relatively rich. The contents of phosphorus, manganese, zinc and copper were appropriate. The contents of nitrogen, magnesium, sulfur, and iron were relatively appropriate. The contents of calcium, chlorine, boron and molybdenum were relatively scarce. The average water-soluble chlorine content of tobacco cultivated soil was 21.26 mg·kg^-1 in 2009. 65.95% of the water-soluble chloride content of soil was at a low or lower level and at a moderate low level overall. The average chlorine content of tobacco leaf was 0.13%. 90.10% of the water-soluble chloride content of soil was at a low or lower level. Because of the adequate rainfall, the relatively low chlorine content of the soil and the low chlorine content of the tobacco leaf, the amount of chlorine fertilizer can be raise properly in Nanping.The chlorine content of leaf of flue-cured tobacco variety CB^-1 was the highest. The chlorine content of leaf of flue-cured tobacco variety K326 and Yunyan 85 were the second highest. The chlorine content of leaf of flue-cured tobacco variety Yunyan 87 were the third highest and that of flue-cured tobacco variety HD were the lowest.Correlation between the chlorine and the total sugar content of tobacco leaf was significant positive. Correlation between the chlorine and the volatile alkali content of tobacco leaf was significant negative. Correlation between the chlorine content and the flammability of tobacco leaf was significant positive. Increasing chlorine content properly had positive effects on improving the color and body of tobacco leaf. Increasing chlorine content too much had negative effects on color intensity of tobacco leaf. When the chlorine content of tobacco leaf was from 0.2% to 0.3%,the smoking quality was the highest. If the chlorine content of tobacco leaf was higher than 0.3%, the smoking quality was lower with the increasing of the chlorine content of the tobacco leaf.Correlation between the potassium chloride amount and the plant height, leaf number was significant positive. Correlation between the potassium chloride amount and the stem circumference of tobacco plant was significant negative. Correlation between the potassium chloride amount and the dry matter weight was significant positive. The potassium chloride amount had positive effects on the absorption and accumulation of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, chlorine, magnesium. Especially it had more positive effects on the absorption of potassium, chlorine and the accumulation of nitrogen. The potassium chloride amount had more effects on the chlorine content of lower leaf than those of the cutter and upper leaf. Correlation between the potassium chloride amount and the chlorine content of tobacco leaf was more significant positive. Correlation between the potassium chloride amount and the total sugar, the reducing sugar content of tobacco leaf was significant negative. According to the performance of agronomy traits, economic traits, chemical composition, the quality of tobacco leaf appearance, the quality of smoking quality, the best treatments of the potassium chloride amount was 45-90 kg·hm^-2. That amount of potassium chloride could meet the chlorine needs of flue-cured tobacco and the leaf quality of it was the best.（1） According to the performance of agronomy traits, economic traits, chemical composition, the quality of smoking quality, the treatments of flue-cured tobacco variety K326 and Yunyan 85 which was treated with the potassium chloride were better than the corresponding treatments which was not treated with the potassium chloride. According to the performance of agronomy traits, economic traits, chemical composition, the quality of smoking quality, the treatments of flue-cured tobacco variety Yunyan 85 which was treated with the potassium chloride was better than that of K326. （2） According to the performance of growth period in field, agronomy traits, economic traits, contents of chlorine and other chemical composition, cost of potassium chloride and potassium sulfate, the treatment which water-soluble chlorine content of soil was 10.88 mg·kg^-1 and the potassium chloride amount was 45 kg·hm^-2 was the best. And the treatment which water-soluble chlorine content of soil was 10.88 mg·kg^-1 and the potassium chloride amount was 90 kg·hm^-2 was the second best one. The treatment which potassium chloride amount was 45 kg·hm^-2 was the best one when the water-soluble chlorine content of soil was 5.81 mg·kg^-1, 10.88 mg·kg^-1 and 18.38 mg·kg^-1, respectively, according to the performance of growth period in field, agronomy traits, economic traits, contents of chlorine and other chemical composition. And the treatment which potassium chloride amount was 90 kg·hm^-2 was the second best one. （3） The chlorine content of lower leaf was increased obviously by using potassium chloride as base fertilizer. Irrigating the soluble potassium chloride can increased the chlorine content of cutter obviously but had no effects on the chlorine content of lower and upper leaves. According to the performance of agronomy traits, economic traits, chemical composition, potassium chloride used as base fertilizer was the best way. （4） With the increasing of potassium fertilizer, the potassium and chlorine content of tobacco leaves were all increased first, reached a maximum value and then decreased. Correlation between the potassium content and the potassium fertilizer amount was more significant positive. According to the performance of agronomy traits, economic traits, chemical composition, the treatment which pure nitrogen amount was 127.5 kg·hm^-2 and the N: P: K = 1: 0.8: 2.5 was the best. And the treatment which pure nitrogen amount was 127.5 kg·hm^-2 and the N: P: K = 1: 0.8: 2.8 was the second best one. （5） Chicken manure organic fertilizer had no effects on the chlorine content of tobacco leaf. According to the performance of economic traits, the quality of tobacco leaf appearance, chemical composition, the treatment which chicken manure organic fertilizer amount was 30 kg·hm^-2 was the best.（6） According to the performance of economic traits and chemical composition, the treatment which the specialty fertilizer containing potassium chloride amount was 675 kg·hm^-2 was the best. In the treatment, the chlorine content of tobacco leaf could be raised in some degree.Different concentrations of potassium chloride have different effects on physiology and enzyme activities of tobacco leaf. The treatment which concentration of potassium chloride was 2 mmol·L^-1, its leaf pigment content, photosynthesis rate, root activity, carbon and nitrogen metabolism of tobacco seedlings, protected enzyme activities were higher; its photorespiration was properly; its cell membrane structure was integrated; its growth and development of tobacco leaf was better; its tobacco leaf was thicker. The treatment which concentration of potassium chloride was 4 mmol·L^-1 was the second best one.There were 6 silent or not detected, 6 new salt stress-responsive, 17 up-regulated and 7 down-regulated leaf proteins in the tobacco seedlings （cv. K326） treated with different concentration of potassium chloride. Mass spectrometry analysis helped to identify 7 spots representing 6 different proteins. Two spots were identified as the same protein ribulose^-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase. While 5 of them were previously confirmed as salt stress-responsive proteins, i.e. ribulose^-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase, NADP-dependent sorbitol-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, microtubule binding protein, ferredoxin-NADP reductase and transposase. These proteins were involved in the synthesis of organic osmolytes sorbitol in the Salt adaptation, cytoskeleton maintenance, photosynthesis, carbon metabolism, transposition processing of transposon.更多还原