【作者】 常德荣；

【导师】 吴惠娟；

【作者基本信息】 上海大学 ， 中国古代文学， 2011， 博士

【摘要】 文章从诗坛新变和时代衰变两方面考虑,将“南宋中后期”界定在光宗绍熙元年(1190)到度宗咸淳五年(1269)。光宗以后,南宋社会开始了全方位的衰变,民力、财力、军力每况愈下,时代精神趋于消沉。南宋中后期官场在相党弄权等一系列事件中逐步腐化,贪污成风、“请嘱”日盛,官僚体系接近崩溃的边缘。官风不正,民风难淳。南宋中后期士大夫多浑浑噩噩,士风萎靡不振。时代之衰变在文化层面表现为士人分化和理学世俗化。这两大文化现象对文坛风貌产生了直接而深远影响,而对诗坛的影响最为全面、最为典型。南宋中后期士人加剧分化,这种分化既表现为士人群体之阶层的多样化,也表现为士人个体之身份的多角色化。科举之朽弊是士人分化的制度根源;学校教育之腐坏极大推动了士人分化的进程;恶劣污浊的政治环境对士人产生了不可估量的影响,是士人分化的重要动因;来自经济方面的压力改变着众多士人的生活,加速了士人阶层与其他社会阶层间的流动,是士人分化的直接动力;士人观念上的“突破”为这种分化打开了“方便之门”,与外部因素桴鼓相应,使士人分化具有相当的深度与广度。理学在南宋中后期经历着世俗化的过程。无论是程朱之学还是二陆之学,在学理建构上均趋于停滞。朱、陆弟子对其师说多秉承有余、开拓不足,未能将义理、心性之学加以深化、拓展,仅在“小结果”上稍有改进。但理学在南宋中后期的影响却不断深广。随着理学之广布,理学家努力将学说向现实政治落实,从中央到地方的各级行政体系无不受理学之浸透。南宋中后期理学家还将思想向日常生活落实,理学家的“躬行”更多地表现于此。在理学向现实生活推进的过程中,其“形式化”和“末流化”的弊病也逐渐明显。某种程度上说,“末流化”是世俗化的突出表现。在士人分化与理学世俗化的双重影响下,南宋中后期诗坛主体发生着深刻新变。士人分化产生了游士诗人和隐士诗人,绝意仕进的布衣和沉沦下僚的官吏是游士、隐士诗人的主要构成。南宋中后期士人之“游”多是一种无奈的选择,更多地与经济窘迫、养家糊口相联系。但当中下层士人普遍处于“游”的状态之后,这种“游”便形成一种“风气”。从本质上说,“游”是士人自身价值贬损的表现。四处游历、行走江湖,这种看似自由的生活方式背后,隐含着士人从物质到文化的极大依附性。士人分化还造成隐逸之风的盛行,大批士人散布于山林、乡间,积极从事着文化活动,由此构成了诗坛上的隐士诗人群体。从文化史的角度来说,众多隐士在乡间的“立德”、“立言”活动,改变着南宋中后期的文化格局。隐士诗人的诗歌创作,不只是孤立的个体行为,他们往往与其他士人交往唱和,形成一种群体活动。这在文化发达的浙东、七闽表现地尤为突出。游士诗人与隐士诗人的产生均是士人分化的结果,二者之间并非异己的存在。对大多数士人来说,“游”和“隐”是不同生活经历,其人生兼有游士与隐士的特征,这由士人分化的复杂性所决定。游士、隐士诗人大致经过了两个发展阶段,一是绍熙元年(1190)到宝庆元年(1227)的“快速兴盛期”;二是绍定元年(1228)到咸淳五年(1269)的“平稳嬗变期”。游士、隐士诗人的“快速兴盛”与诗坛“临安——建康诗人带”的形成相一致。在“快速兴盛期”,永嘉和上饶也是诗学活跃的地区。“平稳嬗变期”,几乎每年都有游士、隐士诗人的作品结集问世,这是游士、隐士诗人散布东南诗坛的时期。理学世俗化则造就了南宋中后期诗坛的理学诗人群体。理学世俗化使理学家数量达到空前高度。这些理学家之中的相当一部分兼有诗人角色,《宋元学案》所载录的南宋中后期理学家中,现存诗歌超过一卷的就有近六十位。理学家对诗歌的态度也有所转变,从反对作诗变为积极干预、引导诗歌创作。理学家将诗歌作为一种重要事业,也取得了一定诗学成就,得到时人和后人的认可。理学诗人群体涌现诗坛的同时,理学家在诗歌领域也形成了清晰的派别意识。理学诗人是一特殊的文学群体,他们有强烈的正统意识,自觉领导文学风雅。其与江湖诗人不同的是:他们始终没有放弃对“道”的追求,始终将穷理尽性作为安身立命的方式;面对生活的艰辛,他们能够寻求内在的超越,以达到乐天知命的精神满足。由此造就理学诗人与江湖诗人的“对峙”。而在理学世俗化的背景下,江湖诗人对理学有一定程度的接受,理学诗人也不同程度地熏染了“江湖习气”。由此形成理学诗人与江湖诗人的交互联动。士人分化与理学世俗化不仅造成了诗坛主体新变,还由此影响着“宋调”之流变。游士、隐士诗歌表现出从人文意象向自然意象的转变。无论“游”还是“隐”,游士、隐士多以东南一隅为其主要活动空间。在特殊生活经历与特定地域文化的影响下,他们创作了相当数量的“拟乐府”、“类闺情”的作品。游士、隐士诗人或主动或被动地疏离了政治,其诗歌对现实重大事件缺乏相应关注,但这并不等于其作品没有现实内容。游士、隐士多为中下层士人,他们与社会有着广泛而深入地接触。其诗歌的现实意义主要通过一己之感、一己之叹得以体现。游士、隐士诗人的作品在风格上有两种倾向。首先,因特定生活经历和求真的诗学观念,其诗歌情感更加日常化、平民化,诗歌语言更加通俗化、生活化,形成“率直”之风。其次,受清高意识和“尚清”趣尚等的影响,其作品还表现出“轻清”之风。“率直”风格走向极端造成诗作情感流于平直、诗歌语言流于粗疏;“轻清”风格走向极端造成诗歌“纤薄可厌”、“琐屑寒陋”。游士、隐士的作品无论题材情感还是艺术风格,均与典型“宋调”有所背离。理学世俗化一方面使理学诗人在诗歌中对军政、民生等重大事件进行了激烈议论,对民风、时政进行了恳挚入理的批评。抒写内容的“严肃性”、“厚重性”,以及理学诗人注重道德事业、轻视文辞声律的创作理论,使此类“言志”之诗表现出浑厚淳朴的特点。另一方面,理学向日常生活的落实,使理学诗人将自然景物和人伦义理都看作诗歌的促发之物和描写对象。他们用觅道之眼光观察事物,用“仁者”之心胸体悟事物,用自然之言语描述事物。这类反映人情物理的诗作不乏情韵兼备者,使理学诗一定程度上表现出闲澹平远的风格。理学世俗化使此期诗歌承继了“宋调”的某些特质,对游士、隐士诗人的柔蘼诗风有一定补充意义。同时,理学完成了对诗歌从语言到内容的全面渗透,“宋调”之“议论化”、“散文化”,也即“去诗性化”随之发展到极致,加速了“宋调”的终结。江西诗派是“宋调”的典型代表,其在南宋中后期仍有影响,诗坛上有一批宗尚江西的“江西后派”。在特定历史际遇下,江西诗派实现了文学上的“经典化”,并获得了文化上的象征意义。“江西后派”对“江西体”不同程度上有所秉承,但士人分化与理学世俗化又使他们对“江西体”产生了偏离。无论继承还是创新,“江西后派”均显不足,未能找到一个明确的突破方向。这一个方面表明“宋调”的艺术生命力逐渐消失,逐渐归于寿终正寝。论文“余论”认为,在多种文化因素影响下,南宋中后期诗坛的理论诉求并不单一。对此,有深入研究之必要。“附录一”辑录了《全宋诗》失收作品332首;“附录二”辑录了《全宋诗》重出作品21首,并对其归属作了初步考辩;“附录三”是对南宋九家诗人生平问题的考证。更多还原

【Abstract】 In the article, "Southern Song Dynasty in the late" means 1190 to 1269. After GangZong, the Southern Song society began a full range of decay, financial, military deteriorating day by day, spirit of the times tends to depression. Scholar began to accelerate differentiation,the Neo-Confucianism rapidly secularized. This had a profound influence on the poetry.Differentiation expressed in multiple aspects of scholar. School education and examination system corruption, economic pressures, polluted political environment were important causes of Scholar differentiation. The concept "breakthrough" of scholars accelerate the differentiation speed.In the late Southern Song Dynasty, Neo-Confucianism undergoing the process of secularization. Whether it is "Cheng-Zhu" or "Er Lu " ,building on the school grounds are tended to stagnate. But the Neo-Confucianism effects has been broad and deep. Neo-confucianism implement doctrines to the political,daily life and moral life. In the process, the Neo-confucianism was becoming te be "formal"and"Mo Liu". In this cultural background, poetry was undergoing profound changes. Scholar-bureaucrat differentiation produced travellers poet and hermit poet. These two types of poets not alien exist. For most scholars for, "travellers" and "hidden" is different life experiences. Travellers and hermits poet has undergone two development stages, one is "rapid prosperous period," time from 1190 to 1227; the orther one is "smooth evolution period", the time from 1228 to 1269. With the new Confucianism secularization, neo-confucianism poet group emerged in poetry. Neo-confucianism in poetry attitude has changed, from opposed to become intervention and guidance. They formed a clear sense of factions in poetry. They are a special literary group. Because of the different literary ideas and moral values,Neo-confucianism poet and "Jianghu poet" was in a standoff state. Under the background of the neo-confucianism secularization, "Jianghu poet" accept the neo-confucianism in a certain extent,,neo-confucianism poet also edify the "Jianghu behaviour" in some extent. Thus, the formation of cross linkage between the two groups.Scholar-bureaucrat differentiation and neo-confucianism secular influence the development of song poetry. The poem of travellers and hermit shows that imagery shifted from human to natural. Due to special life experiences and the specific impact of regional culture, they created a considerable number of " propinquity- maiden poem " and " propinquity-yuefu poem ". Travellers and hermit or initiative or passivity away from politics, so they poem lack the appropriate attention to important events, but this does not mean there is no real content of his work. The practical significance of their poetry, mainly through personal destiny feeling to materialize. Travellers and hermit’s poetry has two kinds of style,one is“shuaizhi”,the orther is“qingqing”. Both subjects emotional or style, travellers and hermits’poem have deviated from the typical“song diao”.Neo-confucianism poetry has a profound reflection of current politics and the people’s livelihood. Because the content seriousness and massiness, these will-poetry showed vigorous simple and honest characteristics. On the other hand, along with neo-confucianism implemented to daily life and moral life, the natural scenery and ethical theory become neo-confucianism poetry depictions of object. Therefor, their poetry has a certain degree of quietly elegant style. Neo-confucianism secular make this period poetry inherited a certain features of the“song diao”. Meanwhile, neo-confucianism completed the permeation to the poetry,from language to content. Jiangxi poetry is the typical representative of the“song diao”, it still has influence, in this period. Jiangxi poetry achieved literary "classics ", and get a cultural symbol. "Jiangxi after poetry " has inherited "Jiangxi Poem" to some extent, but also had deviated from. Whether inherited or innovative, "Jiangxi after poetry" are inadequate.“Song diao”came to an end."Epilogue" points out: In influence of a variety cultural factors, the poetics of late Southern Song Dynasty is not single, there is necessary for further research. "Appendix I" is research of the life of the Southern Song Dynasty nine poet. "Appendix II" collectted 332 poems that The Song Dynasty Poetry has not collectted.”Appendix III”collectted 23 poems that The Song Dynasty Poetry has repeated.更多还原