穆塞韦尼与乌干达的发展研究（1986-2006）

【作者】 卞克文；

【导师】 舒运国；

【作者基本信息】 上海师范大学 ， 世界史， 2011， 博士

【摘要】 撒哈拉以南非洲国家由于历史上殖民主义的长期影响,以及独立后经济政策的失误和政治的不稳定等因素,导致大多数的国家至今仍非常的落后。实现良性的发展,摆脱贫穷落后状态,需要这些国家探索出一条适合非洲实际情况的非洲道路或是非洲发展模式。这种探索,在过去、现在甚至是以后很长的时期,都困扰着这些国家。“东非明珠”的乌干达,在1962年摆脱英国的殖民统治,取得国家独立。从1962年到1986年,乌政治一直是动荡不安,经济发展也受到了阻碍,社会各项事业停滞不前。历经多年战乱的乌干达人心思治,人们企盼国家能从战争的泥淖中走出来,国家的发展摆脱不正常的状态,从而走上正常的发展轨道。穆塞韦尼于1986年夺取了政权后,领导人民开始探索有乌干达特色的国家的发展道路与模式,从而在乌现代历史上开启了一个新时代。很多撒哈拉以南非洲国家都存在一种现象,即总统一人身系国家命运。乌干达各项事业的发展,能取得一定成功,与穆塞韦尼的治国之道有很大的关系。他用灵活务实的政策,推动乌干达的运转。历经1986——2006二十年的探索,乌终于走上发展的正轨。笔者认为,从乌干达的历史进程的角度看,穆塞韦尼领导的乌干达的发展之路是比较成功的,实绩有目共睹。综合分析穆塞韦尼的发展模式,我们可以看出,这种发展模式本质上是政府主导与自由市场经济有机结合的实用模式。至少目前看来,他的模式比较适用于部族、宗教复杂、缺乏民主传统和经济上传统成分占很大比重的撒哈拉以南的非洲国家。具体的说,穆塞韦尼政府领导下的乌的发展主要体现在三个方面：首先在政治方面,1986年全国抵运胜利后,建立基础广泛的新政府；化解国内矛盾和冲突；长期实行无政党的“运动制”；用法制推动民主化等。乌总体上保持政治稳定,为经济社会的发展提供了稳定的政治环境。其次,经济方面,穆塞韦尼执政初期,尝试社会主义的经济政策,国家经济取得一定恢复,但依然困难重重。1987年,他接受了世界银行和国际货币基金组织的结构调整方案,并开始大量接受外部援助和吸引外资；结构调整以私有化为重心展开,激发了乌的民间的经济活力,乌经济实现快速增长；在国际发展协会的帮助下,乌的减贫事业在发展中国家中较为成功,改善了人民的生活。经过二十年的励精图治,乌经济初步实现振兴。再次,在社会发展方面,战乱之后,穆塞韦尼政府促进社会的重组,重视传统机制的调节,注重社会的和谐发展；乌在艾滋病的防治领域,取得举世瞩目的成就,一直是防艾的典型；妇女解放有了可喜进展,妇女积极参与政治,地位提高;另外,教育事业发展迅速,国民受教育水平有效提升。尽管乌干达的发展势头强劲,也取得了相当的成功,但由于历史与现实条件所限,乌十达的发展还有很多不尽如人意之处,乌在探索自己的建设的道路上依然充满变数。穆塞韦尼个人因素在乌各项事业的发展中的作用,本身就孕育极大的风险,他将把乌干达引向何方,人们只能拭目以待。更多还原

【Abstract】 Most of Sub-saharan African countries are still less developed, because of the long-term historical consequences of colonialism, and economic policy mistakes and political instability after independence. Realizing benign development and getting rid of the poverty and backwardness,needs these countries explore a suitable African way or African development mode on the basis of their actual situation. The exploration is bothering these countries in the past, now, even after a long period."The African pearl" Uganda, got rid of British colonial rule and declared the national independence in 1962. But from 1962 to 1986, owing to long-term political unrest, economic and social development were hampered and stagnant. Through years of violence, the Ugandan people looked forward to stable reign out of from the war mud,and the development of the country go to a normal way. After Museveni seized political power in 1986,he lead the Ugandan people to began to explore the characteristics of a Ugandan national development way and mode, thereby they creat a new era in Ugandan modern history.Many sub-saharan African countries exist a phenomenon, namely the President himself determine national destiny. Uganda’s success connect with Musevni’s mode of governing. He used a flexible and pragmatic policies to boost Uganda’s operation. After 1986-2006 twenty years of exploration,and finally took to the development nomal way. From Uganda’s historical view, the author argue that the historical process the development of the Uganda under Museveni leadership is relatively successful. Comprehensive analysis the model of Uganda’s development, we can see, this kind of development mode is the organic combination mode between the governmental leading and a free market in essence. At least currently, his mode is success as to the sub-saharan African countries full of tribal, religious conflict, lack of democratic tradition and economic accounting for a large proportion of traditional ingredients.Specifically, Uganda’s development the leadership of under Museveni government mainly embodied in three aspects:first in politics, after victory of NRM in 1986, establish a extensive basis of new government; dissolve the domestic contradictions and conflicts; long-term practice "movement system" without party; taking use of legal system promoting democratization, etc. Uganda maintained a political stability on the whole, providing stable political environment for economic and social development. Secondly, in economic aspect, Museveni employ socialist economic policy at first, althouh the country’s economy has certainly recover, still fraught with difficulties. In 1987, he accepted the subject of the world bank and the international monetary fund’s structural adjustment, begin to accept external assistance and attract foreign investment; structure adjustment focused on privatisation, and inspired folk economic vitality, so economic grow rapidky; with the international development association’s help, Uganda reduct poverty more successfully than other developing countries and improve the people’s living standard. After 20 years of hard work, and Uganda’s economy achieves preliminary invigorating. Thirdly, in the social aspect, after civil, Museveni government promote social reorganization, and pay attention to the traditional mechanism adjustment, to creat the development of harmonious society; Uganda have made remarkable achievements in AIDS treatment and prevention fields,striking the attention of the world; the women’s liberation have encouraging progress, and women active in politics, so their status rises; in addition, education s have developed rapidly, and the national education level improves effectively.Despite Uganda made considerable success, but Uganda’s development has many defects because of historical and realistic restricted condition,and still full of variables on its exploring road. Museveni personal factors in Uganda’s development breeds great risk. So where he will lead Uganda to? We can only wait and see what happens.更多还原