民族认同、族际认同与国家认同的共生关系研究

【作者】 毕跃光；

【导师】 金炳镐；

【作者基本信息】 中央民族大学 ， 马克思主义民族理论与政策， 2011， 博士

【摘要】 人的外显性行动受内隐性意识的驱动,外在的关系反映内在的结构。所以,要搞民族研究,既要研究民族、民族发展、民族关系、民族与国家关系等外显性表现,又要研究民族认同、族际认同、国家认同等内隐性要素,还要研究各种认同之间的相互关系,以便能够消解各种认同之间的张力与冲突,促进各种认同的共生与协调。基于上述考虑,本研究着重探讨了民族认同、族际认同与国家认同的共生关系。民族认同、族际认同与国家认同是多民族国家内部三种重要的认同形态,三种认同与民族问题所涉及的民族自身的发展、民族与民族之间、民族与国家之间具有密切的关联。从民族认同、族际认同、国家认同的关系来看,民族认同在横向上与族际认同形成了竞争与共生关系,纵向上与国家认同存在着共生关系。民族认同包括归属性认同和赞同性认同,前者事关认同与分界,涉及归属问题；后者事关对本民族的态度、情感。所以,在归属性认同确定的情况下,每个民族都存在积极认同或者消极认同。在族际交往过程中,对自我和他者的不同态度、认知和评价,产生了不同的结合模式,从而形成了民族认同与族际认同之间不同的竞争与共生关系,对自我的积极认同和对他族的偏见容易形成民族认同与族际认同之间完全的竞争关系；对自我的消极认同和对他族的偏见容易形成民族认同与族际认同之间相互隔离的状态；只有参与交往的各个民族具有积极健康的自我认同,对他族具有亲和动机和亲近态度,才有可能形成民族认同与族际认同之间理想的和谐共生关系,这种和谐共生关系既有自然生成的过程,更需要人为营造和构建。民族认同与国家认同既存在张力和冲突,也存在和谐共生。国家构建与族体发展之间的矛盾、族际经济利益关系失衡、消极民族认同等都可能形成民族认同与国家认同的张力和冲突,但矛盾和冲突不是恒定的,两者之间也可以和谐共生。国家认同由归属性认同和赞同性认同两部分构成,构成归属性国家认同的基本元素有领土、历史、文化、同胞,这些元素与民族认同的元素形成了许多交叉和重叠,成为两种认同共同的资源,这是两者共生的基础之一；民族认同和国家认同在不同的场景满足不同的需求,民族认同触及人类深层情感,具有强大的社会动员能力,国家认同作为共性和共同利益的理性认知,具有弥合差异的能力,国家认同需要借助民族认同中的“族性”力量,而民族认同同样需要国家认同中的“理性”要素,这种功能的互补性是民族认同与国家认同和谐共生的又一重要基础。族际文化交流、经济互补互惠、共同的历史命运乃至特定族际环境下的相同肤色或人种特征都可能形成族际间稳定的共性交集和共享格局,从而产生族际认同。族际认同所铺就的相互交织、相互链接的心理意识网络是民族团结的心理基础和精神力量,同时也是国家认同赖以生成的深厚土壤。只有汲取、提炼族际认同的积极成果,国家认同才能获得其发展的不竭动力和源泉；相反,族际认同只有接受国家认同的规约和导引,才能获得意义、目标和发展方向。在民族认同、族际认同和国家认同三者的关系中,由于国家的特殊职能和拥有的绝对资源,它可以借助制度和规范的力量,既能保护民族认同,也能够实施民族同化政策;既能促进族际认同建设,也能够破坏族际认同。所以,从这个意义上说,国家认同基于主导的地位,当国家认同能够保护和尊重民族认同,加快族际认同建设,就能够促进三种认同之间的共生与和谐。更多还原

【Abstract】 Human’s explicit motion is actuated by tacit consciousness while external relationship reflects internal structure. Therefore, nationality study does not only include explicit representation such as nationality, the development of nationality, nationality relations and the relations between nationalities and states, but also tacit elements such as ethnic identity, inter-ethnic identity and national identity as well as the correlation among three kinds of identity mentioned above in order to counteract the tension and conflict among all kinds of identity and their symbiosis and harmony. Based on the consideration above, this search emphasizes the symbiosis relation of ethnic identity, inter-ethnic identity and national identity.Ethnic identity, inter-ethnic identity and national identity are three important identity modalities inside the multinational state. Three kinds of identity has close relationship with the development of nationality, nationality and nationality, nationality and state that nationality issue involves.From the angle of the relationship of ethnic identity, inter-ethnic identity and national identity, ethnic identity has formed a relationship of competition and symbiosis with inter-ethnic identity on the lateral while with national identity on the vertical. Ethnic identity includes a sense,of belonging and endorsement. The former matters to identity and division and involves the issue of belonging while the latter matters to the attitude and emotion to one’s own nationality. Therefore, each nationality has positive and negative identity on the condition that a sense of belonging is definite. In the process of inter-ethnic communication, different attitude, recognition and evaluation toward oneself and others bring different integration pattern which forms different competition and symbiosis relation between ethnic identity and inter-ethnic identity. Positive identity toward oneself and bias toward other nationalities will easily form completely competition relation between ethnic identity and inter-ethnic identity. Negative identity toward oneself and bias toward other nationalities will easily shape the state of mutual isolation between ethnic identity and inter-ethnic identity. Only each nationality that participates communication has positive and healthy self-identity and compatible incentive and attitude toward other nationalities, there is a possibility that ideal and harmonious symbiosis relation can be shaped between ethnic identity and inter-ethnic identity which includes the process of native rendering as well as factitious construction and building.Not only tension and conflict, but also harmonious symbiosis exists between ethnic identity and national identity. The contradiction between state-building and national development, the inter-ethnic imbalance of economic interests, negative ethnic identity, etc will possibly form tension and conflict between ethnic identity and national identity. But contradiction and conflict is not constant which can harmoniously co-exist. National identity comprises a sense of belonging and endorsement. Fundamental elements that constitutes a sense of belonging includes territory, history, culture and compatriot etc. that intercross and overlap the elements of ethnic identity and become common resources of two kinds of identity which is one of the bases for the co-existence of them. Ethnic identity and national identity meets different needs under different occasions. Ethnic identity can touch deep emotion of human and has strong capability of social mobilization while national identity, as general character and rational recognition, has the capability of bridging discrepancy. National identity needs to draw support from ethnic power of ethnic identity while ethnic identity needs the rational elements of national identity. This complementary of function is another significant basis of the harmonious symbiosis of ethnic identity and national identity.The inter-ethnic cultural intercommunion, economic complementary and reciprocity, common historical destiny even the same color of skin or human race character under the certain inter-ethnic circumstance will possibly form the inter-ethnic steady intersection of general character and shared pattern which generates inter-ethnic identity. The intertwined and interlink psychological consciousness network that the inter-ethnic identity paves is the psychological basis and mental power of national unity and the deep soil that the national identity can generate and develop. Only to derive, purify the positive achievement of inter-ethnic identity, national identity can obtain the constant dynamical and headspring for its development. On the contrary, only the inter-ethnic identity accepts the protocol and guiding can it obtain significance, aim and the orientation of development.Among ethnic identity, inter-ethnic identity and national identity, the state which has special function and absolute resources it has can protect ethnic identity and actualize national actualization policy as well as accelerate the construction of inter-ethnic identity while destroy it by virtue of the power of system and norm. Therefore, national identity occupies the leading status in this sense and when national identity can protect and show respect to ethnic identity while accelerate the construction of the inter-ethnic identity, it can promote the harmony and symbiosis among the three kinds of identity更多还原