晋藩屏翰

【作者】 张友庭；

【导师】 王铭铭；

【作者基本信息】 中央民族大学 ， 人类学， 2011， 博士

【摘要】 本文是一份关于卫所的历史民族志。基于对山西省西北部宁武县城的田野调查,本文尝试以这一边疆卫所的城市形态和生命历程作为研究的出发点,通过历史人类学的研究视角重新考量这一晋蒙边疆地带的文化图景及其历史进程,以期在一个大的文明体系中重新发现“城市”的价值。长期以来,以卫所为中心的人类学研究还有待展开。当前的卫所研究主要集中于历史学界,他们分别关注卫所的某一特定领域,形成了制度史、经济史、历史地理学、社会史等不同研究路径,但却普遍缺乏种基于卫所之“整体性社会事实”的研究视野和理论框架。在此基础上,卫所研究出现了从“制度”到“城市”的理论转向,受此影响,本文即以卫所之城市形态作为这一研究的切入点。而在城市研究领域,以施坚雅为代表的经济地理学研究路径占据了主导地位,但就中国城市而言,“城”和“市”往往具有不同的指涉,衙门和市场构成了中国城市的双重结构,卫所就是其中的典型代表。同时,作为长城防御体系的组成部分,北部边疆卫所深受蒙汉边疆局势周期性变化的影响,使之呈现出特殊的城市发展历程。由此,基于卫所的人类学研究,主要从两个方面展开：其一,以宁武城的城市形态为中心,本文分别从地理构成、神话传说、城市选址、空间营造、观念世界等不同角度展开具体论述,以期呈现卫所这一特殊的城市形态及其与宇宙观之间的复杂关系。宁武地区作为农耕与游牧的交错地带,在漫长的历史进程中形成了介于夷夏之间的混合文化形态,由此深刻地影响了当地的神话结构,这也为后来宁武城的空间营造奠定了各种结构性因素。而作为边疆卫所的宁武城,其在城池选址、空间布局等方面必须遵循古代城市的基本营造法式。就城市选址而言,从肇城传说出发,宁武城采取了“常山蛇势”的选址图式,既满足了卫所军事防御的需要,也充分考虑了城池营建的风水原则,使这一城市选址成为“藏风纳气”的“风水宝地”,并经由宗教造景的方式逐渐完善了这一风水图景。在选址的基础上,宁武城先后完成了肇建和扩建过程,并最终形成了这一城市以凤凰为象征的城市格局：以万华泉为中心,城隍庙、关帝庙、文庙构成了这一城市的三大仪式中心,并分别代表这一城市的三套象征体系,既与古代中国的宇宙图式相适应,也由此呈现了这一城市基于帝国权力和自然象征的双重结构体系。此外,经由城郊坛庙、朝圣等仪式体系,宁武城也呈现出其“城—郊—野”的等级性观念世界,以对应于边疆卫所之“所—堡—屯”的等级性城市体系。其二,以宁武城的历史进程为中心,本文将之分为卫所时代、从卫所到府县、从天下到国族三个阶段进行论述,分别对应明朝、清朝、民国三个历史阶段,全面呈现了这一边疆卫所的生命历程及其与不同文明体系之间的复杂关系。在卫所时代,宁武城深受晋蒙边疆局势的影响,逐渐成为了蒙汉民族关系的壁垒与中介,并逐步完成了从所城到镇城的历史性变迁,达到了其卫所时代的军事顶点,以山西总兵为中心,军户、募兵、民壮构成了这一城市的主体居民,日常所需主要仰仗朝廷的财政体系,形成了“实土卫所”的特殊城市形态。后来,崇祯末年的宁武关大战结束了这一城市的军事时代,至雍正三年(1725年),宁武城被改为宁武府城,其基本职能也由军事堡垒转为行政中心,各级官员积极推行各种文明教化的措施,努力使之完成从卫所到州县的历史性变迁,而这一时期的蒙汉民族关系,其重心也开始从边疆战事转向边疆贸易,宁武城也随之迎来了其的商业高峰,其城市形态也随之发生了巨大变化。后来,至辛亥革命前后,诸种现代性文化形态如新式教育、公司制度、铁路等逐渐进入宁武城,以现代化为中心,这一城市开始了其从天下到国族的历史性变迁。但是,抗日战争的爆发,中断这一城市的发展进程,也严重破坏了其的传统城市形态,最终造就了今天宁武城的城市面相。总而言之,本文尝试通过宁武城的城市形态及其生命史的历史人类学考察,基于拉铁摩尔的亚洲内陆边疆研究视野,全面呈现作为“整体性社会事实”的卫所形态：就城市形态而言,宁武城的空间营造虽遵循了古代城市的宇宙观模式,但也出现了不同于州县城池的特殊之处；就生命历程而言,基于不同时期的边疆局势,宁武城形成了从军镇到城市的发展历程,这也在一定程度上代表了长城沿线城市的发展模式。由此,作为“关系结合体”的边疆城市呈现出一个丰富而完整的世界,这对于经由“城市”来研究大的文明体系具有一定的理论意义。更多还原

【Abstract】 This paper is a historical text of enthnography on Weisuo (garrison town). Based on the fieldwork in Ningwu county in Shanxi Province, this paper took the frontier Weisuo as a cut-in point and placed it in the cultural scenery of the frontier areas between Shanxi Province and Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. After that, it was in order to rediscover the value of "city" in a big system of civilizations.As we know, there were few anthropological studies focused on Weisuo in a long time. Historians led the current Weisuo studies. They usually paid close attention to some particular areas of Weisuo, and formed some different research approaches such as history of system, history of economic, historical geography, social history. But all of them were lack of the research paths on Weisuo as total social facts. And then, they extended the research field from the system to the city. In response to that, this paper started with the city morphology of Weisuo. In current time, the research view of economic geography such as G.William Skinner led the field of urban studies. Beside the market, yamen was another important part of Chinese cities’dual-structure. As a part of the Great Well defense system, Weisuo was a typical city which set the military authority in a most important position. Thus, this anthropology studies concerned with Weisuo was divided into two parts:In the first part, this paper focused on the town morphology such as geographic structure, myths and legends, city site, spatial arrangement, ideal world. As a combination of farming with animal husbandry, Ningwu areas were full of mixed culture between Mongolian and Chinese affected the local myths structure, and something became the structural factors of Ningwu Town. As a frontier Weisuo, Ningwu Town should follow the architecture rules of cities of imperial China. This rules included two parts: site selection and spatial arrangement. From the folklore of the Ningwu town’s establishment, "Changshan snake potential "was used as its site selection pattern. It was followed the Feng-shui principle, and then chose the fortunate site as the city site. Moreover, local people used the religionary landscaping to improve the feng-shui scenery. After that, Ningwu Town was to be established in 1467, and it was extended and formed a city pattern called "phoenix". The inner part of the town made the Wanhua spring as the coordinate centre. Besides it, the town god’s temple, the Guandi temple and the Confucian temple became the town’s three ceremony centres, and they represented the town’s three symbolic systems. Furthermore, temples in the suburbs and the pilgrimages presented a hierarchical ideal world which included the town, the suburb and the countryside.In the second part, this paper focused on the historical process of Ningwu Town. It contained "the times of Weisuo", "from Weisuo to the state" and "from Tianxia to the nation", corresponded to Ming Dynasty, Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China. During the times of Weisuo, Ningwu Town was conditioned by frontier situation, and then this garrison town was upgraded a fortress town in 1540. As a barrier and an intermediary place between Mongolian and the Han people, this town was quartered by the Company Commander of Shanxi and his officers, and it reached the summit for its military times. After that, Ningwu Town was changed to Ningwu State in 1725. During the process of its transformation, government officials took the civilized enlightenment as a priority to make the town reach a civilized state. In the meanwhile, the frontier trade became the mainstream between Mongolian and the Han people, and Ningwu Town approached its commercial climax. Around the 1911 Revolution, many modern things such as new school education, railway, the system of company appeared in this frontier town. After the anti-Japanese war broke out in 1937, Japanese army occupied this town and destroyed the city morphology. That looked Ningwu county today.In a word, this paper tried to make a historical anthropology study on Ningwu Town’s morphology, cosmology and life history. Based on the research way of "Inner Asian Frontiers" by Owen Lattimore, this paper showed the town morphology of Weisuo as a total social fact. After all, the frontier town as a combination of many relations gave us a really rich and complete world. This way which researched a big system of civilizations by city may be a theoretical significance.更多还原