吉尔吉斯语中的俄语借词研究

【作者】 海淑英；

【导师】 胡振华；

【作者基本信息】 中央民族大学 ， 中国少数民族语言文学， 2011， 博士

【摘要】 借词是语言接触和文化接触的的产物。借词是在各种语言中普遍存在的词汇成分。不同语言相互吸收借词主要是在文化接触、语言接触过程中发生的。吉尔吉斯语在历史上和俄语发生高强度的密切接触,俄语对吉尔吉斯产生深层次影响。本文以语言接触理论为基础。从共时的角度,运用吉俄语对比的方法,田野调查的方法,并通过语料库的使用,将吉尔吉斯语中的俄语借词进行了全面系统的研究。全文主要分绪论及六章,总共分七个部分。绪论部分首先对吉俄语言接触的历史、特点及结果进行了综述。论文指出：1917年至1991年间的吉俄民族的“亲密接触”是吉俄民族语言接触最频繁的阶段。吉俄语言接触具有强制性、爆发性和不平衡性的特点。俄语对吉尔吉斯语的影响渗透到所有层面(音系、词汇和形态等)。在此基础上,论文介绍了吉尔吉斯语中的俄语借词在国内外的研究现状,以及研究意义和研究方法。第一章是概述,主要介绍了借词的概念、俄语借词的借入方式、历史层级以及产生的外部因素和内部因素等。第二章详细描写了吉尔吉斯语和俄语的语音特点,系统分析了俄语借词的在不同历史时期的语音演变。研究表明,十月革命前和十月革命初期的俄语借词具有保守性、不稳定性的特点；十月革命以后至苏联解体以前的俄语借词具有开放性的特点。由于俄语的干扰,吉尔吉斯语的元音和谐律被破坏,具有逐渐退化的趋势。第三章着重分析了俄语借词对吉尔吉斯语词汇的影响,分析了不同历史时期俄语借词的词汇特点。首先,由于俄语借词具有国际性和全民性的特点,极大地丰富了吉尔吉斯语词汇,很多俄语借词已经成为吉尔吉斯语基本词汇。其次,吉尔吉斯共和国独立以后,随着吉尔吉斯人民族意识的增强,吉尔吉斯人对俄语借词的语言态度发生了很大变化,很多苏联时期的俄语借词已经具有否定意。第四章分析了吉尔吉斯语中俄语借词的形态特点。从构词方面来看,俄语借词具有能产性和派生性的特点,大量俄语借词通过吉尔吉斯语的附加成分将其加以改造,使之符合吉尔吉斯语的语法结构和构词规律。第五章主要探讨俄语借词的发展趋势。吉尔吉斯共和国独立以后,吉尔吉斯语成为吉尔吉斯共和国的国语。语言作为民族的特征之一,是民族认同的标志。在新的历史条件下,大量俄语借词被吉尔吉斯本民族语言所代替。此外,由于吉尔吉斯是一个多民族国家,实行国语政策引起很多俄罗斯人的不满。政府为了解决民族矛盾,宣布俄语为“官方语言”。目前在吉尔吉斯共和国出现了吉尔吉斯语语和俄语双语和谐发展的趋势。第六章综合论述了俄罗斯文化对吉尔吉斯文化的影响。从1863年到1991年苏联解体,在吉俄密切接触的的一百多年历程中,俄罗斯文化对吉尔吉斯文化产生深远影响。总体上来讲,一方面是非常积极和进步的。因为推广交际语—俄语使更多的吉尔吉斯人接触到了更加先进的文化和科学技术,促进了社会的进步和文明发展；但是从另外一方面来说,由于沙俄和前苏联时期实行的民族政策和语言政策,吉尔吉斯本民族的语言和文化的发展受到一定影响。因此,吉尔吉斯民族文化的复兴是当前摆在吉尔吉斯政府面前的一项重要任务。更多还原

【Abstract】 Loan words are the result of linguistic and cultural contact. Loan words are lexical elements universally found in all languages. Loan words are absorbed from different languages in the process of cultural and linguistic contact.Since Kyrgyz language has come into intensive and close contact with Russian language in history, Russian has exerted deep impact on the Kyrgyz. This paper has based a systematical analysis and study of the Russian loan words in Kyrgyz language upon the theory of linguistic contact of sociolinguistics, by using method of comparing Kirghiz and Russian languages, field investigation methods and by using language corpusThe whole paper includes introduction and six chapters.In the introduction, the author has summarized the history of the contact of Kyrgyz and Russian languages,the characteristics and the results concerned. It is pointed out in the paper that the "close contact" of Kyrgyz and Russian people from 1917 to 1991 is the period in which the Kyrgyz and Russian languages came into the most frequent contact. Kirghiz and Russian language contact is characterized by mandatory, explosibility and imbalance. The impact of Russian on Kyrgyz can be observed on all the levels (lexicon, phonetics and shape). On this basis, the paper has introduced the present situation of domestic and foreign researches on the Russian loan words in Kyrgyz language, the significance of the research and the research methods of the subject. Kirghiz and Russian language contact is characterized by mandatory, explosibility and imbalance.Chapter 1 is the summary, which has mainly introduced the concept of loan words, the ways of borrowing of Russian loan words, historical hierarchy as well as internal and external factors and the history of contact of Kyrgyz people and Russian people.Chapter 2 has described the phonetic features of Kyrgyz and Russian languages in detail and has analyzed the phonetic evolution of the Russian loan words in different eras. The study has revealed that the Russian loan words were characterized by its conservatism and instability before the October Revolution and in the initial stage of the October Revolution while the Russian loan words were characterized by its openness after the October Revolution till the disintegration of the Soviet Union. Due to the impact of Russian language, the law of vowel harmony of Kyrgyz language has been interfered and tends to be gradually loosened.Chapter 3 mainly analyzes the impact of Russian words on Kyrgyz lexicon. The characteristics of the lexicon of Russian words have been analyzed in terms of different historical phases. Firstly, Russian words are characterized by its internationalism and universality, lots of Russian words have become the basic words of Kyrgyz and thus enriched the Kyrgyz lexicon a great deal. Secondly, owing to the historical reforms, especially the disintegration of the Soviet Union, after the independence of the Republic of Kyrgyz, with the national revival and national awareness of Kyrgyz people, Kyrgyz has greatly changed its language attitudes towards the Russian loan words.Chapter 4 analyzes formative features of the Russian loan words in Kirghiz language. In terms of word formation, Russian loan words are characterized by productivity and derivation. Lots of Russian loan words are transformed through affixes of Kirghiz language to suit the grammatical and morphological patterns of Kirghiz language.Chapter 5 mainly discusses the tendency of the development of Russian words. After the independence of the Republic of Kyrgyz, the Kyrgyz has become the national language of the Republic of Kyrgyz. The language as one of the national treats, is the symbol of national recognition. Under the new historical condition, lots of Russian words have give way to Kyrgyz native words. Besides, since Kyrgyzstan is a multi-national country, the practice of national language make those Russians ignorant of Kyrgyz difficult to live.In order to solve the national contradictions resulted from language, the government has declared Russian "the official language.So at present the trend is obvious that both Kyrgyz and Russian languages are developing in harmony.Chapter 6 comprehensively discusses the impact of the Russian culture on the Kyrgyz culture and spiritual culture. From 1863 to 1991 when The soviet Union disintegrated, the Russian culture exerted profound influence on the Kyrgyz culture in the past over 100 years of the close contact of both cultures. On the whole, the influence is very active and progressive on the one hand,as the popularization of the communicative language-Russian made it possible for more Kyrgyz people to come into contact with more advanced cultures and science and technology so as to enhance the social progress and the development of civilization. On the other hand, due to the ethnic policies and language polices implemented in the Czarist Russia period and the former Soviet Union period, the development of the native language and national culture of Kyrgyz has been affected. Therefore the renaissance of Kyrgyz national culture is the major task faced with by the current government.更多还原