人类学视阈下的电视纪录片创作

【作者】 盘旋；

【导师】 王庆仁；

【作者基本信息】 中央民族大学 ， 民族学， 2011， 博士

【摘要】 人类文化正在经历一个前所未有的电子媒介时代,而电视的影像手段又非其他媒体可比拟,它以其对社会生活的广泛渗透成为当今最为强势的媒体。作为电视节目中的一大类型,从电影纪录片发展而来的电视纪录片,历来是所有电视节目中文化含量最丰富的“阳春白雪”,具有较高的社会认知价值、文献史料价值和文化传承交流价值。中国的电视纪录片在改革开放后得到空前发展,并在上世纪九十年代初期形成了纪实主义风格为主导的一个发展高峰。然而随着我国电视媒体商业化市场化的加速,电视节目的收视率竞争也更加剧烈。纪录片在与大量泛滥的娱乐化电视节目同场较量中败下阵来。从上世纪九十年代后期开始,我国的电视纪录片创作尽管不断开拓和丰富其形态和内容,但却始终未能摆脱“叫好不叫座”的尴尬,其社会影响力大打折扣。迫于生存压力,很多电视纪录片栏目被取消或者(?)头换而,而为了谋求生存和发展,很大一部分纪录片也开始走向娱乐化的道路,具体策略足在题材上避实就虚,回避主流社会和现实问题,寻找轻巧的,耸动的,滥情的故事,在叙事上追求故事性、营造悬念,同里为了达到“好看”的效果,很多纪录片开始采用模拟再现的手法,强调视觉冲击力。这不仅使得当F的电视纪录片出现价值漂浮、文化贫血的状况,将虚构的手段引入非虚构的纪录片中,还不可避免地与传统的纪录片核心价值观念产生冲突,不仅令纪录片创作者产生困惑,也给观众带来认识上的混乱,导致纪录片的意义危机。因此,笔者认为,电视纪录片要发展,除了打破市场逻辑作为唯一标准的桎梏,还要从更广阔的文化视野中寻求突破。从整体上研究人及其文化的人类学,其工作方法、观察角度、体验方式、话语特质等各方面,都有值得电视纪录片借鉴的理念和方法,而将这些理念和方法贯穿到电视纪录片创作的前期策划、选题立意、收集资料、实地采访拍摄、后期剪辑等整个过程中,可以提高纪录片创作的质量,提升其社会价值、历史价值和文化价值,更好地发挥纪录片的各项功能。本文回顾了中国电视纪录片发展的几个阶段,对当前存在的问题进行了深入分析,在研究大量作品和充分借鉴前人理论成果的基础之上,通过对人类学知识的梳理,本文从以下几个方面来探讨人类学理念和方法对电视纪录片的启示。一、人文关怀：人文关怀既是人类学的核心理念,也是纪录片一贯秉承的精神传统。电视纪录片的人文关怀应借鉴人类学的眼光,展现真实的情感而不是肤浅泛滥的大众温情。二、田野调查：人类学的生命在田野,而纪录片的生命在现场。以参与观察为主的田野调查是人类学的学科基础,这种方法在电视纪录片中的运用可以更真实准确地反映被拍摄对象,通过用科学规范的田野工作维护纪录片真实的原则。三、主位与客位观：人类学不仅采取客位的角度观察文化,还特别强调主位观,尊重他者的眼光,主张从文化持有者的立场看待文化。这种换位思考,为电视纪录片带来新的观察和记录的角度。四、整体论：从整体和全貌的角度看待文化是人类学的基本视角和研究方法之一,把人类学的整体论视角引入纪录片创作中,使得纪录片关注的范围更全而、在选题上更注重个体所具备的群体代表性在表现拍摄对象时更注重其所处的整体文化环境。电视纪录片研究一直是我国电视理论研究中的一大热点,但是多是基于纪录片本体的研究,跨学科研究开展得还比较少。与人类学相结合进行的纪录片研究多局限于影视人类学的范畴。笔者把整个电视纪录片的创作纳入到了人类学的视阈之中来考察,这在人类学界尚属首次。而在影视纪录片研究界,这样的研究视角虽然被少数几个人采用过,但笔者力图做到在人类学的理念和方法引征上更系统化、更全面,且对纪录片创作各个环节的具体实践更有针对性。笔者有在电视媒体十多年的工作经历和三年时间对人类学理论知知识的系统学习,因此,本文的具体研究方法既有作为纪录片创作参与者的长期主位体验,又有系统学习后运用人类学知识对纪录片创作进行的客位观察和思考。同时,本文也采用了影视纪录片研究中常用的文本分析的方法,收集了大量纪录片影视资料和研究材料,并有针对性地根据本研究需要进行了采访,以补充、印证文献材料。本研究不仅将人类学的应用范围拓宽到对公众影响力更大的电视媒体领域,更有助于提升电视纪录片这种重要的精神文化产品的创作能力,有助于电视纪录片更好地承担起社会使命、历史仗命和文化使命,对于提高当前媒体的文化品质、满足人民群众更高层次的精神文化需求具有积极意义。更多还原

【Abstract】 Human culture is going through an unexpected age of electronic media. Due to television’s uncomparable ways of producing images, it has deeply penetrated into people’s social life and has become the most influential media. As a type of televison program, television documentary, developed from movie documentary, has long been the refined one with the largest cultural content among various television programs. It has great value in social cognition, literature research and culture inheritage. China’s television documentary developed quickly after the reform and opening up and reached the peak in the 1990s with the style of realism. However, with the marketization and commericialization, the competition of ratings is more and more severe. Therefore, documentary programs were defeated by various entertainment programs. Since late 1990s, in spite of the innovations of television documentary, it still couldn’t avoid the embarrassment that it had rare audience despite the good remarks. It became the elite one and the social influence was greatly reduced. For the sake of surviving, many documentary programs were cancelled or changed. Many documentaries also chose to entertain audiences. Their strategy was to avoid the true reality and find out the emotional and sensational stories. They focused more on the creation of suspense. Meanwhile, some took advantage of the technology to simulate the situation, which has great visual impact. This phenomenon not only caused the value absence and culture deficiency, but also cannot avoid the fact that by introducing imaginary means into real documentaries, it will cause conflict between the core value in the traditional documentary and the one in today’s documentary. Particularly, the phenomenon of breaking the bottom line of the reality not only cause the creators to confuse, but will mislead audiences, which results in the crisis of the meaning of documentaries.Therefore, the author believes, in order to develop television program, we not only need to abandon the opinion that market is the single standard, but also need to broaden our horizen. Anthropology, which studies human and the culture from an integrated perspective, can provide some ideas and methods for documentaries, such as the way of working, the perspectives, the way of experience, and the features of languages. By making use of these methods through the whole process from designing to editing, the quality of documentary will be improved and its social, historical and cultural value, as well as the functions of documentary, can be better reflected.This paper reviewed stages of the development of China’s documentary and deeply analyzed the existing problems. On the basis of previous literature and other authors’theories, as well as the anthropology knowledge, this paper will study what can be learned from anthropology to improve television documentary in the following aspects:Firstly, humanistic solicitude:humanistic solicitude is the core idea of anthropology and also the traditional spirit of documentary. Considering humanistic solicitude, documentary should demonstrate real feelings instead of superficial emotions.Secondly, Field Work:anthropology relies on field, while documentary relies on the spot. Anthroplogy prefers to observe in the field. If field work can be used in documentary, documentary will more correctly reflect the interviewees, which therefore maintain the principle of being real.Thirdly, emic and etic:anthropology not only has etic observation, but also emphasize on emic one. It supports the idea that people should respect others’view and study culture from the perspective of people who belong to this culture. Thinking in others’shoes provides a new perspective of observation and record.Finally, holism:studying culture in an integrated perspective is one of the basic aspects of anthropology. By applying holism into the creation of documentaries, documentaries can focus on topics that are typical and can represent a group. When we reflect the interviewee, we also need pay more attention to the whole cultural environment.Television documentary has been researched a lot, but most of the previous researches focused on one subject. Those researches which combined anthropology with documentary are mostly limited to visual anthropology. The author put the whole process of documentary’s creation into anthropology perspective and it is the first time in this research area. Although in the area of visual documentary, some people have chosen this perspective, the author is trying to be more systematic, comprehensive and better targeted in each single part of the making of documentary.The author has more than ten years working experience in media and three years systematic learning in anthropology, therefore, the research methods in this paper combines the real working experiences with the thoughts and observations occurred during the leaning process. Meanwhile, this paper adopts the method-literature analysis. In this paper, a lot of visual materials and research materials have been collected. Besides, the author also did some targeted interviews in order to complement and prove the literature materials.By doing this research, anthropology can be applied to a new and more influential media area. Furthermore, it is helpful to improve the quality of documentary, and help documentary take the social, historical and cultural responsibilities. This research will play a positive role in meeting audiences’demand for refined culture.更多还原