中国与中亚的友好交流研究

【作者】 赵晓佳；

【导师】 胡振华；

【作者基本信息】 中央民族大学 ， 中国少数民族语言文学， 2011， 博士

【摘要】 广义的“中亚”,根据联合国教科文组织的界定,包括今位于阿富汗、中国西部、印度北部、东北伊朗、蒙古、巴基斯坦以及今中亚五国的地理范围。狭义的“中亚”,在苏联解体后,主要指中亚哈萨克斯坦、吉尔吉斯斯坦、塔吉克斯坦、乌兹别克斯坦和土库曼斯坦五国的范围。本文中的“中亚”即狭义概念所指的上述中亚五国的地理范围。中国与中亚地区友好交流的历史源远流长,绵延不断。在不同的历史时期,彼此的交流有着不同的内涵,呈现出不同的特点。通过对中国与中亚友好交流历史发展脉络的梳理,可以看到：丝绸之路是历史上中国与中亚地区友好交流的纽带和桥梁；中国与中亚地区在数千年交往中形成的政治、经济、文化方面的密切联系、各族人民之间的传统友谊和民族亲缘关系是当今中国与中亚国家友好关系进一步发展的深厚基础和背景。苏联解体后,中国作为最早承认中亚国家独立并与中亚五国正式建交的国家之一,与中亚国家在相互尊重、平等互利的基础上,各领域的友好交流合作得到了更全面、深入的发展,取得了令世人瞩目的成绩。中国与独立后中亚国家的友好交流进入了历史上空前发展的崭新时期。全文由导论、上篇、下篇和结语组成,约25万字。导论第一节本文的选题意义、研究现状、研究思路和方法。第二节界定本文中“中亚”和“西域”的地理范围。第三节介绍中亚五国的基本情况。上篇历史上中国与中亚地区的友好交流第一章先秦时期中国与中亚的早期接触和交流。考古学研究证明了远古时期中国北方与中亚北部原始文化之间的联系。《山海经》、《穆天子传》等古籍中的记载反映了当时中原对中亚的认识及与中亚的早期接触。先秦时期中国与中亚地区已有经济和文化的交流和相互影响。第二章两汉魏晋南北朝与中亚的友好交流。汉武帝时期张骞在中亚地区的外交活动建立起中国与中亚诸古国的直接联系,中国与中亚地区友好交流进入新的发展阶段。魏晋南北朝时期各个割据政权仍与中亚地区保持了政治上的联系。佛教经中亚传入中国,来自中亚的一批高僧为佛教在中国的早期传播做出了贡献。第三章隋唐时期中国与中亚的友好交流。隋唐时期中国与中亚的友好交流进入鼎盛时期。唐朝对西域加强控制和管理,尤其是西域和中亚地区并入唐朝版图,中原与中亚地区的交流得到空前的发展。中亚诸国与唐朝间密集的人员往来、大量的通贡事实、贡赐物品的丰富反映出政治和经济关系的密切。这一时期,大量中亚粟特人迁入中国,在经济和文化交流中发挥了重要作用。唐代中国与中亚地区文化方面的相互影响体现在宗教、艺术、文学、以及社会生活的各个方面。第四章宋元时期中国与中亚的友好交流。宋朝中原与中亚的交流集中体现在两方面：1、深受汉文化影响的西辽契丹人统治中亚,汉文化对中亚的影响深刻。2、中亚萨曼王朝和我国喀喇汗王朝所属的中国西部地区在政治、经济、宗教、文化等方面的密切关系和相互影响。蒙元时期是中国与中亚地区友好交流发展的重要时期。蒙古人创立了欧亚统一的政治空间和民族融合新环境。这一时期中国与中亚地区间的交流主要体现在：1、我国内地与中亚察合台等汗国的往来与交流。2、伴随着蒙古人的几次大规模征服活动,大量中亚各族居民迁入中原地区,对元代社会和中国民族结构产生了影响。第五章明清时期中国与中亚的友好交流。中亚帖木儿王朝统治的130多年中,始终与明朝保持了频繁的使臣往来和贡赐形式为主的贸易关系,文化上的交流也留下了深刻的印记。清代中期清政府重新统一了天山南北,中亚哈萨克、布鲁特中的部分部落归附于清朝,并与清朝保持了密切的贡使往来和贸易关系。清朝与哈萨克、浩罕之间的贸易对当时中亚地区经济发展和中亚与新疆地区的经济文化交流起到了重要作用。第六章辛亥革命以后直至中亚五国独立之前,中国与俄属及前苏联中亚地区的友好往来和经贸合作(1911一1991)。苏联解体以前的近一个世纪中,中亚地区作为俄国和苏联的组成部分,与中国政府没有直接的交往。然而,与中亚毗连的中国新疆地区在此期间仍先后与俄国和前苏联保持了联系,尤其是贸易关系。新疆与中亚地区在这一时期的关系由于二十世纪政治风云的变幻而经历了曲折的发展过程。下篇中国与独立后中亚五国在不同领域的交流与合作第一章中国与中亚国家的政治往来与合作。中国作为最早承认中亚国家独立并与中亚五国正式建交的国家之一,与中亚国家保持着高层领导人、议会、政党、政府部门等各层面的频繁交往,经常就国际、国内重大问题交换意见,互信不断加深。在政治领域积极的交流合作成为各领域有效合作的基础和前提。第二章中国与中亚国家在安全领域的交流与合作。中国与中亚国家的安全利益关系到彼此的核心利益。作为近邻,中亚地区的安全与中国的安全,尤其是中国西北地区的安全息息相关。中国与中亚各国在安全领域多方面进行了有效的合作,为维护地区的安全稳定作出了贡献。第三章中国与中亚国家的经济交流与合作。经济交流与合作在中国与中亚国家各领域合作中居中心地位。中国与中亚地区的经济互补性和发展经济合作的“天时、地利、人和”等因素决定了彼此经济合作的巨大潜力,中国与中亚国家建交以来,经济领域的合作取得了令世人瞩目的成绩。第四章中国与中亚国家的人文交流与合作。对于发展中国与中亚地区持久、稳定的睦邻关系来说,文化交流承载着比其他领域合作更重大的使命。中国与中亚国家都重视“文化软实力”的作用,不断推进人文领域合作。尤其是近年加强了文化教育合作。中国与中亚国家的人文交流合作任重道远，是一项长期的、细致的、需要有长远规划的工作。第五章中国与中亚国家在上海合作组织框架内的交流与合作。上海合作组织的建立是中国与中亚友好交流史上的重大事件。它的建立为中国与中亚国家之间展开了多边交流合作的平台。上海合作组织成立以来,中国与中亚国家进行了安全、经济、人文领域合作机制和法律基础建设,并在组织框架内开展了初步的合作。上海合作组织的建立和发展符合成员国的共同利益,因而具有广阔的发展前景。结语通过各章的研究,对中国与中亚地区友好交流发展的总体特点,以及在政治、经济、文化、民族关系等方面发展的一些特点作了简要总结,主要观点包括：1、中国与中亚地区数千年的交往基本上是和平交往的历史。2、中国与中亚友好交流的历史是与丝绸之路密切交织、不可分割的历史。3、中国与中亚各族人民在历史上形成的你中有我,我中有你的民族亲缘关系是今天开展友好交流的积极因素。4、在中国漫长的封建社会历史上,各封建王朝与中亚地区的政治和经济交流以宗藩关系为基础、贡赐往来是主要的交流形式。5、中国与独立以后中亚国家的关系是完全建立在相互尊重、平等互利基础之上的。尽管如此,中国在今天与中亚国家的友好交流中,仍应防止“大国主义”、“大民族主义”以及部分国人的盲目自大所带来的不利影响,在各领域的交流中,应该使中亚国家得到充分的尊重的重视。6、中国与中亚地区的经济交流自古至今一直处于各种关系的中心地位。中国与独立以后中亚国家的经贸合作是历史上丝绸之路经济交流的延续。7、中国与中亚地区的文化交流在历史上曾为人类文明的发展做出了独特的贡献。今天中国与中亚国家文化领域的交流合作还有着巨大的潜力。然而,鉴于目前中国与中亚国家在文化交流方面所存在的中国“走出去”的多,中亚“走进来”的少的状况,中国应防止文化交流的单向发展,以免给“中国威胁论”鼓吹者以口实。更多还原

【Abstract】 Central Asia, in a broad sense, covers the geographic scope of Afghanistan, western China, northern India, northeast Iran, Mongolia, Pakistan, along with the five Central Asian countries according to United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). In a narrow definition, Central Asia mainly refers to the five Central Asian countries after the disintegration of the Soviet Union, including Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan. The "Central Asia" in this dissertation refers to the five Central Asian countries in the narrow sense.The friendly exchanges between China and Central Asia have endured a long period of time and taken place in different forms in different historical periods with their own characteristics. Based on full observation and thorough analysis of historical development of friendly exchanges between China and Central Asia, it is evident that the Silk Road serves as the link and bridge of the friendly exchanges between China and Central Asia. Thousands of years of peaceful and friendly exchanges have fostered close political, economic, and cultural relationships between the peoples of China and Central Asia, and the deep friendship from the past and the affinity among ethnic groups will provide a solid foundation for further development of their friendly relationship. China, as one of the earliest countries which acknowledged the independence of Central Asian countries after the collapse of the Soviet Union, has been steadily and continually developing exchanges and cooperation with Central Asian countries in various fields on the basis of mutual respect for sovereignty and territorial integrity, equality and mutual benefit. The friendly exchanges between China and post-independence Central Asian countries have made remarkable achievements and are entering a new period of unprecedented development. This 250,000 word paper includes an introduction, two main parts, and a conclusion.Introduction:Section One explains the significance of the present research, a review of previous scholastic work, and the methodologies used in this paper. Section Two defines the geographic scope of "Central Asia" and "Xi Yu". Section Three presents basic information of the five countries in the Central Asian region.Part One:Friendly Exchanges Between China and Central Asia in History Chapter 1:The Early Contacts and Exchanges between China and Central Asia in Pre-Qin Dynasty.Archaeological studies have confirmed the primitive cultural connections between the ancient northern China and northern Central Asian regions. Historical Chinese books such as Book of Mountains and Seas, and The Biography of Emperor Mu reflected the knowledge of Central Asia and the early contacts between the two regions. Economic and cultural exchanges and interactions between China and Central Asia have been established since Pre-Qin Dynasty.Chapter 2:The Friendly Exchanges between China and Central Asia in the West Han and East Han Dynasties, the Wei and Jin Dynasties, and the South and North Dynasties.During the period of Emperor Han Wu, Zhang Qian carried out diplomatic activities in Central Asia to establish direct links between China and various ancient countries of the Central Asian region, and exchanges between China and Central Asia entered a new era of development. Political ties between China and ancient Central Asian countries were maintained during the Wei and Jin Dynasties, and the South and North Dynasties; a time various separatist regimes had ruled China. Buddhism was introduced to China through Central Asia, and a group of eminent monks from Central Asia contributed to the early spread of Buddhism in China.Chapter 3:The Friendly Exchanges between China and Central Asia in the Sui and Tang Dynasties.The friendly exchanges between China and Central Asia reached its peak during the Sui and Tang Dynasties. With increased control and management of Xi Yu in the Tang Dynasty, especially when Xi Yu and Central Asia region became part of the territory of Tang Dynasty, exchanges between China and Central Asia underwent an unprecedented development. The fact of intensive exchanges of personnel, frequent and prolific forms of largess and tribute reflected the close connection between China and Central Asia in the Tang Dynasty. A large number of Soghdians, primarily Sogdian businessmen, immigrated to China during this time and assumed an important role in economic and cultural exchanges. In the Tang Dynasty, the cultural interaction between China and Central Asia was embodied in religion, art, literature, and other aspects of social life.Chapter 4:The Friendly Exchanges between China and Central Asia in the Song and Yuan Dynasties.In the Song Dynasty, the exchanges between China and Central Asia were most evident by the great impact of Chinese culture on Central Asia when the region was ruled by the Khitans from northern China who were deeply influenced by Chinese culture, and the close interactions and mutual influences in various aspects of politics, economics, religion and culture between the Samanids Dynasty in the Central Asian region and the Karakhanid Dynasty in western China. The Yuan Dynasty was an important period in the development of friendly exchanges between China and Central Asia. The Mongolians built a unified Eurasian political space which provided a fresh environment for national integration. During this period, the exchanges between China and Central Asia were mainly reflected in these two aspects:first, the contacts and exchanges between China’s inland and Chagatai Khanate of Central Asia; second, the impact on Yuan society and Chinese ethnic structure from immigration of a large number of Central Asian people into China during several large-scale Mongolian conquests.Chapter 5:The Friendly Exchanges between China and Central Asia in the Ming and Qing Dynasties.During the 130 years of Timurid Dynasty’s reign of Central Asian region, the Timurits had always maintained frequent exchanges with the Ming Dynasty in forms of tribute and bestowals as well as cultural exchanges. In the Mid-Qing Dynasty, the Qing government unified the South and North of the Mountain Tian, and parts of Kazakhstan and Breut in the Central Asian region were taken over by the Qing Dynasty, thus close contacts and trade relations continued. The trade between the Qing Dynasty and Kazakhstan and Khokand played an important role in the economic development of the Central Asian region as well as the economic and cultural exchanges between China’s Xinjiang region and the Central Asian region.Chapter 6:The Friendly Exchanges and Economic and Trade Cooperation between China and the Central Asian region of the Soviet Union (Russia) during the period following China’s Xinhai Revolution until the Independence of Central Asian Countries (1911-1991).There were no direct contacts between China and the Central Asian region as an integrated part of Russia and the Soviet Union for almost a century before the Soviet Union collapsed. However, the neighboring China Xinjiang region had maintained indirect contacts and trade relationships with Central Asia through ties with the Soviet Union (Russia) during this period. The development of the exchanges between China’s Xinjiang region and Central Asia had experienced an uneasy period during 20th century political turmoil.Part two:Friendly Exchanges between China and the Five Post-Independence Central Asian Countries.Chapter 1:Political Exchanges and Cooperation between China and Central Asian Countries.China was one of the earliest countries which acknowledged the independence of Central Asian countries. Frequent contacts between China and Central Asian countries at all levels including senior leaders, parliaments, political parties and governments are maintained and views on important international and domestic issues are constantly exchanged, which in turn promote deep mutual confidence among them. The active exchanges and cooperation in political realms have become the foundation and premise for effective cooperation in all fields.Chapter 2:Exchanges and Cooperation between China and Central Asian Countries in Security.The security interests of China and Central Asian countries are among the core interests of both sides. As a close neighbor, the security of Central Asia is vitally related to the security of China, especially the security of the northwest region of China. China and the Central Asian countries have been conducting effective cooperation in areas of security, and have made great contributions to security and the stability of this region.Chapter 3:Economic Exchanges and Cooperation between China and Central Asian Countries.Economic exchanges and cooperation occupy a central position within cooperation between China and Central Asian countries in various fields. A complementary relationship between China and the Central Asian region’s economy and the adage "the Right Time, the Right Place and the Right Person" for development of economic cooperation are among many factors dictating great potential for mutual economic cooperation. Through joint efforts by China and the Central Asian countries, economic cooperation has achieved great results which have caught worldwide attention.Chapter 4. Cultural Exchanges and Cooperation between China and the Central Asian Countries.Cultural exchanges play a greater role than cooperation in other areas in the development of a lasting and stable good-neighbor relationship between China and Central Asia. China and the Central Asian countries have realized the important role of "Cultural Soft Power" and continually promote cooperation in humanities. There has been enhanced cooperation in the areas of culture and education particularly in recent years. The exchanges and cooperation in humanities between China and Central Asian countries still have a long way to go and require great effort and long-term planning to achieve their goals.Chapter 5:Exchanges and Cooperation between China and Central Asian Countries in the Framework of Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO).The establishment of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization was a great event in the history of friendly exchanges between China and Central Asia, which had launched a broad platform for multilateral exchanges and cooperation between these countries. Construction of an infrastructure of law and cooperation mechanism in security, economy and humanity areas has been conducted by China and the Central Asian countries, and preliminary cooperation in the framework of SCO has been carried out. SCO’s establishment and continual growth serve the common interests of member countries and therefore it has a very broad prospective for development.Conclusion:Based on the research work described in the above chapters, a few basic features of the friendly exchanges between China and the Central Asian regions can be drawn.1. The exchanges between China and Central Asia over the past few thousands of years are generally of a peaceful nature.2. The history of friendly exchanges between China and Central Asia has been intertwined with the history of the Silk Road.3. The close ethnic relationships resulting from the long history of ethnic mixing provides a positive effect on today’s friendly exchanges.4. During China’s long feudalistic period, the political and economic exchanges between different dynasties of China and Central Asia were based on relationships of suzerain and vassal states with largess and tribute being the main forms of exchanges. 5. The relationships between China and the post-independence Central Asian countries are built totally on the basis of mutual respect for sovereignty and territorial integrity, equality and mutual benefit. Nonetheless, China still should prevent the adverse impact of arrogance from chauvinism and blind nationalism on friendly exchanges with Central Asian countries and allow those countries full respect and recognition in exchanges of all aspects.6. The economic exchange between China and Central Asia has been the main focus of various relationships, and the economic and trade cooperation between China and the post-independence Central Asian countries is a continuation of the economic exchange of the Silk Road.7. The cultural exchanges between China and Central Asia have made unique contributions to the human civilization in history and there is still vast potential today for exchanges and cooperation in cultural areas between the two. However, due to the fact that the cultural exchanges between China and Central Asia mostly centers on output from China to Central Asian countries, China should take measures to prevent the development of cultural exchanges as only flowing in one direction, thus providing no excuse for those who advocate the ’China Threat’ theory.更多还原