【作者】 王新发；

【导师】 王汉中； 刘贵华；

【作者基本信息】 中国农业科学院 ， 作物遗传育种， 2011， 博士

【摘要】 提高含油量是提高单位面积产油量的关键措施之一,高油育种是我国甘蓝型油菜育种主攻目标之一。本研究:1)3个高油品系、1个中油品种和2个低油品系为材料,采用同一母本植株相同部位不同分枝授自身花粉和另一父本花粉研究含油量母体和花粉直感效应;2)利用1个高油品系、5个中油品系和2个低油品系进行8×8完全双列杂交研究含油量遗传规律;3)利用386份材料及连续四年国家冬油菜区域试验材料开展含油量生态学研究;4)利用4个高油品系、5个中油品系和2个低油品系进行含油量杂种优势及其配合力研究;5)利用化学诱导剂WH-1叶面喷施对高含油量品系82027诱导雄性不育及杂种优势利用研究。取得如下研究结果:1.甘蓝型油菜F1种子含油量主要由母体植株基因型控制,母体效应值达0.86;父本花粉对F1种子含油量具有一定花粉直感效应,影响含油量平均为1.86个百分点,花粉直感效应值为0.14。2.甘蓝型含油量遗传符合加性-显性-上位性遗传模型,以加性、显性为主,二者对表现型总变异贡献超过70%,上位性影响较小;含油量广义遗传力和狭义遗传力分别为83.88%和36.94%;细胞质效应对含油量产生一定影响,其遗传效应表现为正效应和负效应。3.甘蓝型油菜主花序上部含油量高于下部,中部含油量最高。一次分枝含油量:第1个一次分枝>第2个一次分枝>第3个一次分枝…,前3～4个一次分枝含油量差异不显著,第5或6个一次分枝含油量与第1个一次分枝含油量差异极显著。4.春油菜区含油量显著高于冬油菜区含油量,长江中游区含油量高于上游区,长江下游区含油量高于中游区,黄淮区含油量高于长江下游区。筛选到稳定遗传的7份高油种质资源。5.同一生态区不同生产点含油量存在极显著差异。筛选出长江流域及黄淮区13个含油量>42%的高油生产点。6.含油量杂种优势分析表明,双亲含油量都低时,F1植株种子含油量有较强正优势,但含油量仍低;双亲含油量差异较大时,杂种优势为负值;双亲含油量中等且差异不大时,即使有微小正优势,但含油量仍低;双亲含油量均高时,可能有微小正优势,能选出超高油组合。7.利用化学诱导剂WH-1叶面喷施对高油品系82027雄性不育诱导的最适有效浓度为0.1～0.2mg/ml(第一次)和0.05～0.1mg/ml(第二次);喷药时期:剥开心叶见幼蕾喷施第一次,间隔20天左右喷施第二次,单株用量3～4ml,效果好,不产生药害,无活力花粉>98%,不育株率>98%,经SSR鉴定,纯度>95%。提出“双低高含油量亲本+化学诱导雄性不育”是获得高产油量的有效途径。更多还原

【Abstract】 High-oil-content breeding is a primary improvement strategy for oil-yield in oil crops, and it’s an essential goal in Brassica napus in China as well. In this study, our objectives and strategies are summarized as following.1. To detect maternal effects on oil content of self- and cross-pollinated seeds using 3 high-, 1 medium- and 2 low oil content materials in Brassica napus;2. To perform genetic analysis on oil content in Brassica napus with 8X8 complete diallel cross design using 1 high-, 5 medium- and 2-low oil content materials;3. To study systematically the basis of bionomics on oil content in Brassica napus using 386 accessions at four different ecological regions during four annual rounds.4. To investigate heterosis and general compatibility among 4 high-, 5 medium- and 2 low oil content materials in Brassica napus;5. To explore effects of chemical hybridization agent WH-1 on genic male sterility and its initialization on heterosis in Brassica napus.The results are harvested and shown as following.1. Oil content of hybrid in Brassica napus is regulated by maternal genotype with effect value at 0.86. Xenia was observed on oil content of hybrid with xenia effect at 0.14, and the average share percentage is 1.86.2. Genetic pattern of oil content fits to additive-dominant-epistasis model, and the additive, dominant and epistasis effects are significant. About 70% phenotypic variation on oil content was due to additive and dominant effects. There was also a small amount of epistatic effects. The broad and narrow sense heritability of oil content was 83.88% and 36.94%, respectively, and cytoplasm is playing positive or negative roles on oil content.3. The oil content of seeds on middle of main inflorescence is much higher than that of seeds on both ends, while the upper is even better than the bottom. The oil content on primary branches could be sorted as following: 1st >2nd >3rd >…, while little difference was observed on the upper 3rd to 4th branches, whereas significant difference was detectable between the first and last branches.4. Oil content of spring rapeseed is much higher than that of winter cultivars. Along the Yangtze River, regions could be ranked according to the oil content as: downstream >middle >upstream, but Yellow River >Yangtze River. Seven stable high oil content accessions have been picked out.5. Significant difference was observed between different trials in an ecological region. Along Yangtze River and Yellow River, plants showed high oil content with more than 42% are suitable for growth in Guangyuan, Shuangliu, Mianxian, Jiujiang, Xiangbei, Yichang, Tongling, Hangzhou, quanjiao, Shanghai, Hefei, Xinyang and Chengxian. Rapeseed productivity would be increased and economic benefits could be enhanced in these regions from high oil content cultivars in Brassica napus.6. The oil content capacity of hybrid F₁ was controlled by parents. High positive heterosis on oil content was observed in hybrids from low oil-content parents, but the absolute oil content is still low. Negative heterosis of F₁ from parents with obvious difference on oil content was detectable. Minor positive heterosis of hybrid on oil content was detected from parents both with medium oil content, but it’s very hard to pick out expected crosses with high oil content. Though minor heterosis on oil content in hybrids from both high oil content parents was observed, over-parent cross could be generated from these crosses.7. The optimum concentration of chemical WH-1, which could induce male sterility, is 0.1⁰.2 mg/ml for the first spraying and 0.05⁰.1 mg/ml for the second processing. The first operation was carried out at young-flower-bud stage （before Chinese Spring Festival in Wuhan）, after 20 days, the second round was performed at 3⁴ ml per plant without any chemical damage. At full- and eventual flowering stages, pollen activity was detected, and 98% plants were male sterile, 95% plants were pure hybrids confirmed with SSR. Based on results of heterosis utilization, we can draw a conclusion that high oil content parents treated with chemically-induced male sterile regents could generate high oil content hybrids in Brassica napus.更多还原