【作者】 李香玲；

【导师】 牛保义；

【作者基本信息】 河南大学 ， 英语语言文学， 2011， 博士

【摘要】 兼语式的研究由来已久。兼语式的名称之争、存废之争、范围之争、兼语N₂的双重身份之争以及兼语式中动词V1和V₂的句法功能之争说明兼语式作为一种特殊的语言现象,一直以来倍受人们的重视和关注。传统语法视角下的兼语式研究指出了兼语式典型的双重句法特征;结构主义语言学视角下的兼语式研究在该句式句法分析方面提出了“分合兼语”之说;转换生成语法视角下的兼语式研究深入到句法的逻辑层面,指出兼语后面有一个与它同指的空语类。这些研究虽然视角各异,但都折射出兼语式的特殊之处---兼语。我们发现,传统语法视角下的研究对兼语式的句法特征进行了充分的描写,指出了兼语式中兼语的双重句法身份,但是未解释句法层面的一个N₂为什么能够把两个词组（V1N₂,N₂V₂）连接起来;结构主义语言学视角下的兼语式研究提出了兼语的“分合之说”,兼语可以是一分为二,也可以是合二为一,但未深入揭示兼语式中的兼语为什么具有“可分可合”的特征。转换生成语法框架下的兼语式研究认为,兼语式中兼语的后面有一个与它同指的空语类,但对兼语后面为什么会有这样一个与它同指的空语类未作解答。语用功能视角下的兼语式研究再次揭示了兼语N₂的重要性,但没有论及兼语N₂为什么会成为兼语式使用的焦点。鉴于兼语N₂在兼语式中的特殊地位与作用,我们以兼语N₂为切入点,在认知语法理论框架内重新审视和分析兼语式,希望能有新的发现,在句式的认知研究方面做一点贡献。本研究的主要内容包括:一、兼语式的语义建构机制;二、兼语在兼语式语义建构中的作用;三、兼语的话语衔接功能对兼语语言现象的普适性。本研究共分九章。第一章,绪论。第二章,文献述评。第三章,汉语兼语式的界定和特征。第四章,汉语兼语式的构式义分析。第五章,汉语兼语式语义建构的认知分析框架。第六章,汉语兼语式语义建构的认知分析。第七章,汉语兼语式的句法结构与语义结构之间的象征关系。第八章,兼语话语衔接功能的普遍性。第九章,结论。第一章为绪论,主要交代本研究的动机、目的、方法、理论指导、语料来源和结构安排。第二章为文献述评,纵览前期研究中有代表性的研究成果并做评论,在此基础上,提出本研究要解决的主要问题。兼语式的前期研究文献中,传统语法视角下的兼语式研究对兼语式的句法特征做出了详细的描写。结构主义语言学视角下的兼语式研究通过兼语“分合之说”试图解决兼语式的句法分析问题。转换生成语法视角下的兼语式研究深入到句法的逻辑层面,指出兼语式中兼语的后面存在一个与它同指的空语类。语用功能视角下的兼语式研究指出兼语式的特殊语用特征在兼语上,兼语是兼语式使用的焦点。这些研究深化了我们对兼语式的认识,为我们的研究提供了借鉴。然而,我们发现,虽然传统语法、结构主义语言学、转换生成语法、语用功能视角下的兼语式研究都已意识到兼语式中兼语的特殊性,但是并未解决甚至极少触及兼语特殊性的认知根源。例如,兼语N₂为什么能一身兼两个句法身份?兼语为什么具有可分可合的特征?兼语的后面为什么存在一个与它同指的空语类?兼语为什么能够成为兼语式使用的焦点?这些似乎都是有待深入探讨的问题。我们尝试在认知语法的框架内探讨兼语式语义建构的认知机制、兼语N₂在兼语式语义建构中的作用以及兼语语言现象中的兼语话语衔接功能的普遍性。第三章在对兼语式重新界定的基础上,把兼语式划分为使役类、释因类和说明类三类,分析兼语式的语法、语义及语用三个层面的特征。通过分析,我们发现,兼语式在语法、语义、语用三个层面的典型特征均体现在其组成成分兼语上。这三个典型的特征是兼语N₂的双重句法身份、双重语义身份和双重语用身份。双重句法身份指兼语N₂兼V1的宾语和V₂的主语于一身,是两个句法成分的重合（syntactic overlapping）。双重语义身份指兼语N₂同时兼V1的一个语义成分和V₂的一个语义成分,是两个语义成分的重合（semantic overlapping）。双重语用身份指兼语N₂既是述题（确切地讲,是述题的一部分）又是话题的语用身份,是两个语用身份的重合（pragmatic overlapping）。兼语式中的两个话语（N1V1N₂）和（N₂V₂）通过兼语N₂的述题话题双重语用身份层层推进,构成一个完整的话语（N1V1N₂V₂）。兼语N₂是两个话语衔接起来的纽带。兼语在兼语式中占据着特殊的地位,发挥着特殊的作用,这也是我们以兼语为切入点重新审视兼语式的原因所在。第四章通过对大量兼语式使用例句的分析,归纳出兼语式的构式义。兼语式的构式义是两个事件之间的因果关系。兼语式中两个事件之间的因果关系体现出多样性,具体包括使役因果关系、释因因果关系和说明因果关系三类。兼语式的语义逻辑表达式清晰地揭示出两个事件的共享成分,这个共享成分就是兼语N₂,兼语N₂是两个事件之间联结的纽带。兼语N₂的这种连接纽带是一种隐含的逻辑联结,而不是外显于语言层面的显性联结。第五章建立了兼语式语义建构的认知分析框架。兼语式表示一个复杂的因果关系事件,原因事件和结果事件两个事件之间因果关系的建立是通过兼语N₂凸显的两个语义侧面实现的。自主成分兼语N₂凸显两个语义次结构,一个与原因事件中的依存成分凸显的图式性次结构在语义上重合,一个与结果事件中的依存成分凸显的图式性次结构在语义上重合。兼语N₂与两个依存成分凸显的图式性次结构在语义上的重合允准原因事件和结果事件整合成一个完整的因果事件,表达一个复杂的因果关系。第六章探讨了兼语N₂在使役、释因和说明三类兼语式语义建构中的联结作用。使役类兼语式中,原因事件[N1+V1+N₂]表示“N1使役N₂”;结果事件[N₂+V₂]表示“N₂实施某一动作行为或处于某一状态”。自主成分N₂的语义凸显两个次结构,一个与原因事件[N1+V1+N₂]中的依存成分V1凸显的图式性的“被使役者”界标重合,一个与结果事件[N₂+V₂]中的依存成分V₂凸显的图式性的“实施某一动作行为或处于某一状态的实体”射体重合。基于此,[N1+V1+N₂]与[N₂+V₂]联结为一个完整的事件,表示“因为N1使役N₂,所以N₂实施了某一动作行为或处于某一状态”。释因类兼语式中,结果事件[N1+V1+N₂]表示“N1对N₂表现出某种情感”;原因事件[N₂+V₂]表示“N₂实施某一动作行为或拥有某种品质”。自主成分N₂的语义凸显两个次结构,一个与结果事件[N1+V1+N₂]中的依存成分V1凸显的图式性的“情感接受者”界标重合,一个与原因事件[N₂+V₂]中的依存成分V₂凸显的图式性的“某一动作行为的实施者或某种品质的拥有者”射体重合。基于此,[N1+V1+N₂]与[N₂+V₂]联结为一个完整的事件,表示“N1对N₂表现出某种情感,因为N₂实施了某一动作行为或拥有某种品质”。说明类兼语式中,原因事件[N1+V1+N₂]表示“N1引入话题N₂”;结果事件[N₂+V₂]表示“话题N₂实施某一动作行为或表现出某种性状”。自主成分N₂的语义凸显两个次结构,一个与原因事件[N1+V1+N₂]中的依存成分V1凸显的图式性的“引入的话题”界标重合,一个与结果事件[N₂+V₂]中的依存成分V₂凸显的图式性的“实施某一动作行为或表现出某一性状的实体”射体重合。基于此,[N1+V1+N₂]与[N₂+V₂]联结为一个完整的事件,表示“N1引入话题N₂,话题N₂实施了某一动作行为或表现出某一性状”。三类兼语式中的因果两个事件通过兼语N₂联结为一个完整的因果关系事件,兼语N₂在三类兼语式语义建构中的联结作用揭示了兼语N₂作为话语衔接手段的认知机制。以上分析表明,在一定意义上,兼语式的语义是在其组成成分的语义联结中产生的。但是,兼语式的语义并不等于其组成成分意义的加合。兼语式表达一个复杂的因果事态,这一事态的具体凸显与语言使用者的交际目的或意图这一意向因素相关。语言使用者根据自己的表达意向,可能把这个复杂事态中的原因事件置于显著的位置,也可能把这个复杂事态中的结果事件置于显著的位置。第七章分析了汉语兼语式中句法结构与语义结构之间的象征关系。兼语式中的句法结构和语义结构之间为象征关系,包括单个的句法成分与语义成分之间、句法成分整合成的合成句法结构与语义成分整合成的合成语义结构之间以及兼语式整体的句法结构和语义结构之间的象征关系。从兼语式象征关系的分析可见,兼语式中的兼语N₂不仅在语义层面起到一种语义联结作用,在句法层面的兼语N₂同样起到一种句法联结作用,兼语N₂在句法层面的联结象征它在语义层面的联结。由此可见,兼语N₂是名副其实的兼语,兼语N₂体现出兼语式在句法和语义两个层面的典型特征,兼语式正是由于“兼语N₂”而存在。第八章讨论了兼语话语衔接功能的普遍性,分析了兼语在连动式、动结式、“把”字句、“被”字句、“得”字句、连动兼语式、兼语连动式、双项兼语式、多项兼语式及英语中的兼语表达中的话语衔接功能的认知机制。通过分析,我们发现,同兼语式中的兼语N₂一样,各类兼语语言现象中的兼语都起到了衔接话语的功能,兼语是一种隐性的句内衔接手段。兼语成分的话语衔接功能是通过它凸显的两个或多个语义侧面实现的。第九章是结论,论述了本研究的主要发现:第一,语义重合（semantic overlapping）是一个构式中组成成分之间联结的必要条件。一个构式中组成成分之间的联结是通过语义重合实现的。第二,语言中包含一些潜在的隐含衔接（implicit cohesion）机制。兼语的句内话语衔接功能（intersentential cohesion）主要体现在它把一个句子内部的两个动作行为或两个事件连接为一个复杂的动作行为或事件。兼语是一种隐性的句内衔接手段,起到了衔接话语的连接词功能。第三,同依存成分一样,自主成分在一个构式组成成分的联结中发挥着同样重要的联结作用。基于语义的百科知识观,我们发现,一个自主成分可以凸显两个或多个语义侧面,对两个或多个依存成分凸显的多个次结构做出阐释,两个或多个依存成分凸显的关系或过程通过自主成分凸显的不同语义侧面联结为一个复杂的关系或过程,表达一个复杂的事件或情景。第四,一个语法构式的语义是在其组成成分的语义联结中产生的。但是,一个语法构式的语义不是其组成成分意义的加合,一个语法构式的语义凸显与语言使用者的交际目的或意图这一意向因素有关。本研究的理论意义是:本研究对兼语式中的兼语N₂和兼语其它现象中兼语的话语衔接功能的分析丰富了现行的话语衔接理论研究。兼语表现出一种话语衔接功能,是一种隐性的句内衔接方式。汉语中兼语衔接功能的发掘深化了人们对汉语中话语衔接的认识,深化了汉语话语衔接理论的研究。本研究揭示了兼语作为话语衔接手段的认知机制。兼语作为一种句内话语衔接方式,其衔接功能是通过兼语与两个动作行为或两个事件的依存成分的双重语义重合实现的。本研究的不足之处是:语料覆盖面有待进一步的扩展;兼语式的语用功能仍有较大的探讨空间。更多还原

【Abstract】 The study of Jianyu Construction has a long history. The putting forward of Jianyu Construction aroused hot dispute, which focuses on the keeping or abolishing of the name of Jianyu Construction, the retaining and cancelling of Jianyu Construction itself, the defining of the scope of Jianyu Construction, the dual role of Jianyu N₂ and the syntactic function of V1 and V₂. The hot dispute has proved that Jianyu Construction, as a special language phenomenon, has become a study focus for scholars. As far as the studies of Jianyu Construction are concerned, the studies from different perspectives have different findings. The studies from the traditional grammar approach point out the dual syntactic role of Jianyu Construction; the studies from the structural linguistics approach put forward the separating and merging of Jianyu in the syntactic analysis of Jianyu Construction; the studies from transformational-generative grammar approach go deeper into the logical level of Jianyu Construction, and point out that after Jianyu, there exists an empty category which has the same reference with it. These studies indicate that the distinctiveness of Jianyu Construction lies in its component Jianyu. On the basis of the former studies, this paper finds some unsolved questions existing in the former literature about Jianyu Construction. Although the studies from the traditional grammar approach have given a sufficient description of the syntactic features of Jianyu Construction, and pointed out the dual syntactic role of Jianyu N₂ in Jianyu Construction, what remains unexplained is the reason why such a component N₂ can perform two syntactic roles to put the two phrases together. Although the studies from the structural linguistics approach put forward the separating and merging of Jianyu, which can be divided into two components or can be regarded as the merging of two components, what needs to be solved is the reason why Jianyu N₂ in Jianyu Construction enjoys such a separating and merging feature. Although the studies from the transformational-generative approach point out the existence of an empty category after Jianyu N₂, what needs to be probed deeper is the reason why there exists such an empty category which shares the same reference with Jianyu N₂. The studies from the pragmatic-functional approach attach great importance to Jianyu N₂, which is the pragmatic focus, but it does not explain why it is the pragmatic focus. In view of the importance of Jianyu N₂, this paper attempts to reexamine Jianyu Construction within the framework of cognitive grammar from the perspective of Jianyu N₂, with the hope to make some new findings on the one hand and deepen the cognitive study of syntactic constructions on the other hand.The main contents of this study are to abstract the semantic construction mechanism of Jianyu Construction, to probe Jianyu N₂’s function in the semantic construction of Jianyu Construction and to explore the application of the cohesive role of Jianyu in the general Jianyu language phenomenon. The study consists of nine chapters. Chapter One is an introduction; Chapter Two is literature review; Chapter Three is concerning Jianyu Construction’s definition and its features. Chapter Four is the analysis of the constructional meaning of Jianyu Construction; Chapter Five is a cognitive framework of Jianyu Construction’s semantic construction. Chapter Six is the cognitive analysis of the semantic construction of Jianyu Construction. Chapter Seven is the symbolization between the syntactic structure and semantic structure of Jianyu Construction. Chapter Eight is the implicit alignment function of Jianyu. Chapter Nine is the conclusion.Chapter One is an introduction, mainly concerning the motive, aim, methodology, theoretical approach, data and the composition of this dissertation.Chapter Two is literature review, which surveys the previous studies of Jianyu Construction and makes some comment. On this basis, research questions are put forward.In the previous literature concerning the study of Jianyu Construction, a detailed description of its syntactic features is made by the studies from the traditional grammar approach. The studies from the structural linguistics approach attempt to solve the syntactic analysis of Jianyu Construction through the division and merging of Jianyu while the studies from transformational-generative grammar approach touch upon the logic level of Jianyu Construction and point out the existence of an empty category after Jianyu N₂. The pragmatic and functional studies concerning Jianyu Construction point out its special pragmatic feature--- the pragmatic focus of Jianyu. All these studies deepen our understanding of Jianyu Construction and pave the way for our study. However, although the previous studies realize that the specialty of Jianyu Construction lies in its component Jianyu N₂, the cognitive origin of this special character is seldom touched or even unsolved. For instance, why can such a component N₂ perform two roles? Why can Jianyu N₂ be divided into two or be regarded as the merging of the same two components? Why does there exist an empty category after Jianyu N₂? The existence of these questions requires us to reexamine this construction from a new approach. Therefore, this paper studies Jianyu Construction within the framework of cognitive grammar. To be exact, we attempt to abstract the semantic construction of Jianyu Construction, probe the Jianyu’s function in the semantic construction of Jianyu Construction and the discourse function of Jianyu in Jianyu language phenomenon.Chapter Three redefines the scope of Jianyu Construction and classifies it into three categories: causative Jianyu Construction, reason-explaining Jianyu Construction and illustration Jianyu Construction. This chapter also analyzes the grammatical, semantic and pragmatic features of Jianyu Construction. Through analysis, this study finds that the typical grammatical, semantic and pragmatic features all consist in the component Jianyu N₂. The three typical features of Jianyu Construction are N₂’dual syntactic role, dual semantic role and dual pragmatic role. Dual syntactic role refers to the fact that N₂ is both the object of V1 and the subject of V₂, namely, N₂ is the syntactic overlapping of the same two syntactic components. Dual semantic role refers to the fact that N₂ is both a semantic component of V1 and a semantic component of V₂, namely, N₂ is the semantic overlapping of the same two semantic components. Dual pragmatic role refers to the fact that N₂ is both a comment （exactly part of comment） and a topic, namely, N₂ is the pragmatic overlapping of the same two pragmatic components. The component Jianyu N₂ is the bond between the two topics. It is obvious that Jianyu N₂ occupies a special position and plays a special role in Jianyu Construction. This explains the reason why this paper reexamines and explores Jianyu Construction from the perspective of Jianyu N₂.Chapter Four puts forward the constructional meaning of Jianyu Construction through the analysis of a large number of Jianyu Construction examples in use. Through the analysis of the semantics of Jianyu Construction, this study finds that its constructional meaning is the cause-effect relationship between two events. The cause-and-effect relationship displays its diversity. There are mainly there types of cause-and-effect relationship in Jianyu Construction, which are causative cause-and-effect relationship, reason-explaining cause-and-effect relationship and illustration cause-and-effect relationship. The semantic logic formula indicates that the shared component of the two events is N₂. In other words, N₂ is the bond between the two events. However, N₂’s bond function is an implicit logical alignment; it is not an overt alignment in the syntactic level.Chapter Five establishes a cognitive framework of Jianyu Construction’s semantic construction mechanism, exploring its semantic construction. Jianyu Construction expresses a complex cause-and-effect event, including the cause event and the effect event. The cause-and-effect relationship between the two events is realized through the two substructures profiled by Jianyu N₂. The autonomous structure N₂ profiles two substructures, one of which semantically corresponds to the schematic substructure profiled by the dependent structure in the cause event; the other of which semantically corresponds to the schematic substructure profiled by the dependent structure in the effect event. The alignment of the two events into one complex event is sunctioned by the double semantic overlappings between the two substructures profiled by N₂ and the two schematic substructures profiled by the two dependent structures in cause event and effect event.Chapter Six explores the alignment function of N₂ in causative Jianyu Construction, reason-explaining Jianyu Construction and illustration Jianyu Construction. In causative Jianyu Construction, the cause event [N1+V1+N₂] means that N1“causes”N₂. The effect event[N₂+V₂] means that N₂ performs an certain action or remains in a certain state. The autonomous structure N₂ profiles two semantic substructures, one of which semantically corresponds to the schematic landmark“causee”profiled by the dependent structure V1 in the cause event; the other of whcih semantically overlaps with the schematic trajector“a certain action performer or an entity in a certain state”profiled by the dependent structure V₂ in the effect event. The two events are aligned into a coherent event which means that“because N1‘causes’N₂, N₂ performs a certain action or remains in a certain state”. In the reason-explaining Jianyu Construction, the effect event [N1+V1+N₂] means that N1 displays a certain feeling toward N₂. The cause event [N₂+V₂] means that N₂ performs a certain action or possesses a certain character. The autonomous structure N₂ profiles two semantic substructures, one of which semantically corresponds to the schematic landmark“feeling-receiver”profiled by the dependent structure V1 in the effect event; the other of whcih semantically overlaps with the schematic trajector“a certain action performer or a certain character possessor”profiled by the dependent structure V₂ in the cause event. The two events are aligned into a coherent event, which means that“N1 displays a certain feeling toward N₂,because N₂ performs a certain action or possesses a certain character”. In illustration Jianyu Construction, the cause event [N1+V1+N₂] means that N1 introduces a topic N₂. The effect event[N₂+V₂] means that N₂ performs an certain action or displays a certain feature. The autonomous structure N₂ profiles two semantic substructures, one of which semantically correponds to the schematic landmark“a topic introduced”profiled by the dependent structure V1 in the cause event; the other of whcih semantically overlaps with the schematic trajector“a certain action performer or an entity displaying a certain feature”profiled by the dependent structure V₂ in the effect event. The two events are aligned into a coherent event, which means that“N1 introduces a topic N₂, the topic N₂ performs a certain action or displays a certain feature”. The cause event and the effect event in the three categories of Jianyu Construction are aligned into a coherent cause-and-effect event through Jianyu N₂. The alignment function of Jianyu N₂ in the semantic construction of Jianyu Construction reveals the cognitive mechanism of N₂ discourse function.The alignment of the three categories of Jianyu Construction indicates that in some sense, the semantics of Jianyu Construction is determined by the semantics of its components. However, the semantics of Jianyu Construction is not equal to the composition of the components’semantics. Jianyu Construction expresses a complex event,which part of it is profiled is related to the language users’intention. Language users may profile the cause event or the effect event, depending on their intention.Chapter Seven analyzes the symbolic relationship between the syntactic structure and the semantic structure in Jianyu Construction. In this construction, the syntactic structure symbolizes the semantic structure, including the symbolic relationship between every syntactic structure and every semantic structure, the symbolic relationship between the grouping of syntactic structures and the grouping of the semantic structures and the symbolic relationship between the whole syntactic structure and the whole semantic structure. From the analysis of the symbolic relationship of Jianyu Construction, this study finds that Jianyu N₂ plays an alignment role not only in the semantic pole, but also in the syntactic pole. N₂’s semantic alignment is symbolized by its syntactic alignment. N₂ displays the typical features of Jianyu Construction both in the syntactic pole and the semantic pole. Therefore, N₂ really deserves the name of Jianyu.Chapter Eight explores the universal discourse function of Jianyu and analyzes the cognitive mechanism of the realization of Jianyu’s discourse function in Liandong Construction, Dongjie Construction, Ba Construction, Bei Construction, De Construction, Liandong-jianyu Construction, Jianyu-liandong Construction, double Jianyu Construction, Mutiple Jianyu Construction and the Jianyu expressions in English. Through analysis, it is found that Jianyu, just like N₂, is an implicit intersential cohesive method, playing a discourse function just like a conjunction. The discourse function of the component Jianyu is realized by the different semantic substructures it profiles.Chapter Nine is the conclusion, pointing out the main findings in this study. The findings are reported in four aspects. First, semantic overlapping is the necessary condition for the alignment of components in a construction. The components in a construction align to form a composite structure on the basis of semantic overlapping. Second, there exists the implicit cohesion mechanism in language. The intersentential cohesion of the component Jianyu is embodied by aligning the two actions or events in a construction into a complex action or event. Jianyu is an implicit intersentential cohesive method, playing a discourse function just like a cohesive conjunction. Third, just like the dependent structure, the autonomous structure also plays an important role in the alignment of components in a construction. Based on the encyclopaedic view of semantics, an autonomous structure may profile two or more semantic substructures, which elaborate the semantic substructures profiled by the different dependent structures. In the process of elaborating the semantic substructures profiled by the dependent structures, the autonomous structure aligns the processes or relations profiled by the dependent structures to form a composite process or relation. Fourth, the constructional meaning comes from the alignment of its components; however, the constructional meaning of Jianyu Construction is not the composition of the meaning of its components and the profile of a construction is related to the language user’s intention.The theoretical significance of the study is reported as follows. First, the exploration of Jianyu’s cohesive function enriches the study of discourse cohesion. Jianyu is an implicit intersentential cohesive method. Jianyu is an intersentential cohesive method why plays an important role in the intersentential cohesion. The exploration of Jianyu’s discourse function deepens people’s understanding of the discourse cohesion and widens the study concerning discourse cohesion in Chinese. Second, this study reveals the cognitive mechanism of Jianyu as a cohesive method. As an intersentential cohesive method, Jianyu aligns two actions or events into a complex action or event by the semantic overlappings between the substructures it profiles and the schemantic substructures profiled by the dependent elements.The study still has some limitations. The data coverage needs expanding. The pragmatic function of Jianyu in Jianyu Construction still needs a deeper exploration.更多还原