【作者】 田欣；

【导师】 邢铁；

【作者基本信息】 河北师范大学 ， 中国古代史， 2011， 博士

【摘要】 宋代商人家庭研究是家庭史与商业史研究的一个交汇点。宋代的文集、笔记小说、方志,以及墓志资料中程度不同地记载了宋代商人家庭的有关情况。本文尝试从经济史与社会史相结合这一视角出发,努力探究趋于真实的宋代商人家庭生活状态。宋代商人家庭的居住环境与经商活动、日常生活密切相关。从家庭居住地的空间分布看,与唐代长安强制措施下聚居两坊的布局相比,宋代两京(北宋东京和南宋临安)商人家庭择居的自由度更大,呈现聚居与散居并存的特点。从家庭住宅与经商活动空间的关系看,“宅店分离”较好地保留了家人生活的私密性空间,“宅店合一”更便于经商活动的开展,租赁住宅则是维持家计的权宜之选。从家庭住宅与日常生活空间的关系看,居住环境与家庭经济实力直接相关。富商大贾择居时主要考虑居住的舒适度,追求的是生活。他们的住宅往往“逾制”,不仅拥有园林式宅院,还“宅外有别业”,形成家外有家的居住模式;收入微薄的小商贩择居以便于经商为第一要义,讲究的是生存。住宅时常因陋就简,随遇而安而已。宋代商人的家庭生计富于变化。家庭生计的角色结构更为多样,可分为夫妻主导型、父子主导型、全家参与型,以及独自支撑型,这与小农家庭“男耕女织”的角色分工不同。宋代小农家庭谨守四季之时莫能违,是待时而动,商人家庭则是乘时而动,在不断捕捉商机之中寻求发家致富。乘时逐利、灵活治生、诚信与否皆为利、借钱经商、偶然发家,都是乘时而动之举。宋代商人的家庭经济观念尚在“进退”之间。“尚利求富”是进而为商之举,“浮财易失”、“不乐己业”则流露出经商的无助与无奈,常有退而为农的想法。宋代商人家产的析分和流向更能体现其“求稳”的愿望,这是一种“半农半商”心态的流露。宋代商人的婚姻生活既不是风花雪月,也非举案齐眉,而是与社会变动、家庭经济状况,以及经商活动方式直接有关。受“婚姻不问阀阅”之风影响,宋代商人择婚士人成为其婚姻的一大特色。商人家庭之间经济状况的差异往往成为彼此通婚的现实阻隔,家庭经济状况的变化又是夫妻关系变动的重要影响因素,这反映出商人阶层内部的差异与家庭成员间的不平等。商娼关系多数情况下仅为商人婚姻的暂时性补充,与宋代商人离家经商、夫妻分居的生活方式不无关系。宋代商人妇作为家中的“半边天”,对于家庭生活的维系尤为重要。商人妇通常带着“名利”入夫家,或者以嫁奁给夫家提供财力支持,或者以出身给夫家带来名誉。此后,养家与守家成为商人妇家庭生活的重任。走出家门专职经商以养家是宋代商人妇养家的特点之一,夫妇共同经商,协助丈夫经商也是商人妇参与养家的方式。守家之难莫过行商妇,行商妇不仅承受着精神上的孤苦,还要面临诸多家庭困难。姻亲扶助、外出寻夫,以及私通成为摆脱生活困境的几种途径,其中也反映出守家行商妇独立维持家庭生计能力的不足,这与经商养家的商人妇形成鲜明对比。宋代商人家庭父子间的代际变化,从家庭传承的视角透视出了商人家庭的名利观,代际变化主要体现在家产流向与社会身份变化两方面。代际间营生旨趣、家风传承的差异使商人家庭走向了兴家、败家两条不同的发展轨迹。父辈的权威与导向对代际变化有直接影响,父商子仕的变化最能体现这一点。代际中断时家庭经济出现波动,商人家庭常采取姻戚抚育幼子、立养子等补救形式使家庭的传承不至中断。宋代商人家庭也实行诸子平均析产,父辈的权威并不能完全阻止家产析分时的离心倾向。宋代商人家庭的社会交往面扩大,但与亲属邻里的交往“人情味”更浓,鲜见家庭间深层次的经商合作。宋代商品经济的发展客观上有利于商人家庭与官僚、士人的走近与交往,但家庭财富的累积并未带来其社会地位根本性的改观。宋代商人家庭的鬼神崇信体现了其于现实世界和精神世界之间的多次游走。家庭生计中的鬼神崇信,既反映出通过超自然力多获利的愿望,也透露出应对现实处境时的无奈。宋代商人家庭中,夫妻关系的维系主要靠家庭内部的捏合力,家庭外来的压力对婚姻及家庭的稳固作用影响不明显。鬼魅崇信往往成为修复夫妻关系,化解婚外情冲突的一种途径。宋代商人家庭的经商活动以及日常生活的诸多安排都与其观念直接相关,寻求内心深处的真实观念可以更深层地解读商人家庭。与宋代乡村小农家庭、明清商人家庭相比,宋代商人家庭的观念特色体现在三个方面,即“尚官进而入仕”的社会价值取向,“重家胜过经商”的家庭观念,和“善变但更求稳”的生活理念。观念离不开传统文化的土壤,中国古代根深蒂固的官本位传统观念、浓厚的家观念,和不自觉回归的小农意识是解读宋代商人家庭观念特色的几把钥匙。从中国传统文化及其深远影响这一视角出发,或许也可以为“中国古代商品经济的发展始终未能突破旧的体制框架”这一谜团提供一种解题思路。更多还原

【Abstract】 The study of the merchant family in the Song Dynasty is an intersection in the field of family history and commerce history. The merchant family life in the Song Dynasty is recorded in different kinds of history data, through which we can find out the real life of their families.The first chapter centers on the residential environment of the mechant falimy in the Song Dynasty. Comparing with the Tang Dynasty, the merchant family in the Song Dynasty have more freedom. They can decide the dwelling places by themselves. Residential environment has a connection with the economic strength of the family. Wealthy merchants can live a comfatable life, while the ordinary merchants have to dwell in shabby houses.The second chapter centers on the flexible livelihoods of merchant family. They take flexible measures in the division of family labor and the style of business. The merchant economic family ideas are incarnated during the process of family arrangement.The third chaper centers on the marriage of the merchants in the Song Dynasty. It is an obvious change that the merchants and the bureaucracy are related by marriage. The merchant family members are separated to different places due to the the family economic strength. And also the changes of the economic strength influence the conjugal relationships. The association between the merchants and the prostitutes is related to the commercial style of the merchants.The fourth chapter centers on the merchant wives. They bring fame and wealth to their husbands and families. Some merchant wives support family by themselves, some merchant wives live in solitude, and sometimes they excite themselves from different positions.The fifth chaper centers on the changes of family memberships. Elder generation has an important influence on the family, and many affairs in the family will be prosperous when the parents are strict with their childen. Great changes take place between different generations when family properties is divided, so elder generation appears especially important in the changes of family memberships.The sixth chapter centers on the merchants’social intercommunication. The scope of their social association is widly expanded. The merchant family have intimate associations with their relatives and neighbors, and meanwhile they hope that they could have more intimate associations with bureaucrats at the times.The seventh chaper centers on the beliefs in ghosts and gods. Not only the merchant family in the Song Dynasty believe in religion, but also they suffer from ghosts’reprisals. These phenomenon reflects the real family life of the merchants in the Song Dynasty. The sense of the merchant family in the Song Dynasty penetrated in their daily life.Comparing with the peasant family in the Song Dynasty and the merchant family in the Ming and Qing Dynasty, the merchant family in the Song Dynasty has its distinct features—they advocate bureaucracy, attach more importance to their families, and yearn for stable lifestyles.更多还原