【作者】 段铁城；

【导师】 王立海；

【作者基本信息】 东北林业大学 ， 森林工程， 2011， 博士

【摘要】 目前林业作业环境十分恶劣,操作者除了完成必须的操控任务外,还必须克服长时间站立、持较重工具、保持长时间弯腰姿势以及机器所产生的振动、噪声等的影响,这不仅会造成作业工人舒适性及工作效率下降,而且直接影响到他们的身心健康。运用精确的、可靠的测量工具和理论方法学研究伐木作业姿势并对其进行有效评价,进而采取有效的措施预防和减少与林业作业相关的劳动损伤的发生,已成为国内乃至国际林业专家研究的重要课题之一。在此背景下,本论文开展基于人机工程学的油锯伐木作业姿势研究,与生物力学及数理统计学相结合,较为系统地研究了油锯作业姿势中的评价问题。具体研究内容如下：运用人体生物力学与统计学原理,针对油锯手使用高把油锯在平面伐木作业时的作业姿势进行人体的力学特征描述和受力分析,构建伐木作业姿势的人体静力学方程,推导出油锯立姿伐木作业的人体简化静力学模型,描述和分析立姿伐木作业时人体重心的偏移趋势和状态；以影响人体平衡的力学因素为基础,借助锯切过程中的实验数据,计算并分析伐木作业时不同操作幅度下重心偏移对人体稳定性和工作效率影响。基于人机工程学通过对注意力影响油锯伐木作业姿势控制能力进行了分析研究。首先针对注意力的运动心理学评述确定出干扰注意力的主要因素；其次建立注意力影响作业自身稳定程度的评价准则及评价方案；在此基础上,进行了现场模拟实验研究,重点研究注意力影响下油锯手心率变化；最后,采用HSP脑呼吸训练法研究油锯手疲劳对其注意力集中的影响。采用数理统计方法研究了身体适应性和负荷变化对油锯伐木作业姿势控制能力的影响。首先基于运动生理学概述了身体适应性和负荷变化对姿势控制能力的影响；其次,建立了身体适应性和负荷变化影响姿势控制能力的评价准则及评价方案。最后进行现场的模拟实验进行实验研究,通过实验数据整理统计分析,得出油锯手作业绩效分析。应用层次分析法及模糊评判法对油锯伐木安全作业及伐木作业合理姿势选择进行多目标综合评价,避免了由于人的主观性导致权重预测与实际情况相矛盾的现象发生。从实践调研中总结出6种日常伐木作业中常见的作业姿势,运用层次分析理论建立层次分析模型。然后对各准则进行详细科学的指标值量度划分,规划了合理方案的权重值范围,最后利用模糊综合评判法得出各姿势方案对目标层的总权重值,通过姿势方案优选,总结出最合理的姿势方案。利用统计学习理论中的SVM分类算法构建出油锯伐木效果综合评价模型,为了提高模型的测试精度,利用混合遗传算法作为优化工具,对所建立的评价模型进行改进,通过仿真实验对所提算法进行了比较,得到了较为可靠的油锯伐木效果评价模型。本研究可为确定不同林业操作中劳动工人工作强度提供理论参考,为定量研究在不同林业作业中操作工人的腰背部肌肉及脊柱所承担的工作负荷以及劳动强度理论依据,对于预防和降低林业作业工人提供劳动安全与保护、诊断和矫正不良作业姿势、进行劳动技能培训、指导设计与改进林业生产工具、职业病的预防与治疗等具有较重要的理论指导价值。更多还原

【Abstract】 At present, the forestry job environment is very bad, besides the necessary control duty, the operators need to overcome many situations, such as the long-time standing, the heavy-tool’s holding, the long-time’s maintaining, the waist’s bending, the vibration, the noise of the machine, and so on. These influences will not only create the worker comfortableness and the working efficiency drops, moreover, they may immediately influence theirs physical and moral integrity. Therefore, by using precise and reliable measuring tool with the theory methodology to study correct felling operation posture and carries on the effective appraisal, then adopts the effective measure prevention and reduces the damage occurrence, has become one of the most important topics domestic and even the international forestry expert studies. Under this background, based on the man-machine engineering, this article develops chain saw felling operation posture research, based on the man-machine engineering, biological mechanics and the mathematical statistics, the chain saw work posture appraisal questions are systematically studied. The whole research work is as flows:By using the human body biology mechanics and statistics principle, in view of the chain saw operator long carry on the chain saw in plane woods operation time work posture human body’s mechanics characteristic description and the stress analysis, the woods operation posture human body statics equation was constructed, the chain saw standing position woods operation the human body simplifies the statics model is inferred. Then, the analysis standing position woods operation human body center of gravity displacement tendency and condition was described. Take affects the human body balanced mechanics factor as the foundation, with the aid of the sawing process’s in empirical datum, calculates and analyzes when the woods operation under the different operation scope the center of gravity displacement to the human body stability and the working efficiency influence.Based on man-machine engineering, the attention of influence chain saw felling operation posture control is studied. Firstly, the attention the movement psychology narration to determine the disturbance attention the primary factor is determined; Next, attention influence work own stable degree appraisal criterion and appraisal plan is established; Furthermore, carried on scene modeling to study, under key research attention influence chain saw operator heart rate change; Finally, the chain saw operator wearily to its attention centralized influence is studied via the HSP brain breath training method.The body compatibility and the load change to the chain saw felling operation posture control influence were studied via the mathematical statistic method. Firstly, the bodily compatibility and the load change based on the physiology of exercise to the posture control influence was outlined; Next, the bodily compatibility and the load change influence posture control appraisal criterion and the appraisal plan were established. Finally the experimental study was carried out. Through the empirical datum reorganization statistical analysis, the chain saw operator work achievements analysis was obtained.For the issue of chain saw logging security work and the felling operation reasonable posture choice, the application analytic hierarchy process and the fuzzy evaluation law carry on the multi-objective quality synthetic evaluations were established. It was avoided, causes The occurrence of the weight forecast and the actual situation contradictory phenomenon caused by person’s subjectivity was avoided. From the practice investigation,6 kind of daily felling operations and study the common work posture were summarized. The analytic hierarchy model was established by analytic hierarchy theory. Then the detailed science to various criteria was carried out, the target value measurement division, has planned the reasonable plan weight value scope. Finally, the fuzzy comprehensive judgment was used to obtain various postures plan to the target stratum total weight value. Through the selection of optimal posture plans, the most reasonable posture plan was given.The effect quality synthetic evaluation model of chain saw logging was constructed using machine learning’s in SVM algorithm. In order to enhance the model’s test precision, the blending inheritance algorithm achievement was used to optimize the model. Through the simulation experiment, the comparison was carried out to obtain the more reliable model of chain saw logging effect evaluation.This research may provide the theory reference for determination of worker’s working strength for the different forestry operation, it may also has the important theory instruction value in the area of the quantitative investigation in the different forestry work worker’s waist back muscle and the spinal column undertake, regarding prevents and reduces the forestry work worker to provide the labor safety and the protection, the diagnosis and the correction bad work posture, carries on work skill training, the instruction to design and to improve the forestry production tool, occupational disease’s prevention and the treatment and so on.更多还原