圆觉主体的自由：牟宗三美学思想的核心问题

【作者】 唐圣；

【导师】 尤西林；

【作者基本信息】 陕西师范大学 ， 文艺学， 2011， 博士

【摘要】 牟宗三美学思想是一种纯哲学意义的美学思想,故对牟宗三哲学美学思想的研究则理应从其哲学思想里体贴出来。综观牟宗三之全部著作并以核心著作为主要依据,笔者体贴出牟宗三哲学美学思想的核心问题是圆觉主体的自由。在其思想语境里,自由乃是境界义的,而所谓圆觉主体,乃圆满觉悟的主体义,具体地言之：在儒家是圣人,在佛家是佛陀,在道家是天人,故所谓圆觉主体的自由,即圣人佛陀天人之圆融无碍之证境者也。笔者根据牟宗三的核心著作所示之义理分际而将其哲学思想分为三期：第一期是逻辑哲学时期,在此一期里,牟宗三著有逻辑学系列著作,以及以此为义理根基而运用到历史文化研究领域所成之新外王学三书。其美学思想可概之以道德天心与主体自由。此一时期其较偏重于儒家思想的表现,故其特别强调道德天心的作用,即使言审美愉悦,如成于乐者,亦特别强调此乃是源立于礼而来者。第二期是中国哲学时期,在此一期里,牟宗三著有从魏晋至明末的中国哲学阶段主题史之三书：研究魏晋玄学之《才性与玄理》,研究隋唐佛学之《佛性与般若》,研究宋明儒学之《心体与性体》。其美学思想可概之以心性之学与自由之呈现。此一时期的思想乃是通判道释儒三家之思想并会通之。道释儒三家,皆是心性之学,即皆重内在心性之修证,此理易明。道家强调道心之修证而至迹冥圆融之自由境界；佛家强调如来藏自性清净心之修证而至菩提心自证之自由境界；儒家强调圣心之修证而至大德敦化之自由境界。道释儒三家所修证的自由境界乃是修证主体经由次第之修证而自然而然地达至者,故谓此语境里的自由乃是呈现者,即自然而然所现者。第三期是消化并发展康德哲学时期,在此一期里,牟宗三通过翻译康德之三批判,为消化并发展每一批判所关涉及的哲学基本问题而著有《智的直觉与中国哲学》、《现象与物自身》、《圆善论》之三书及《以合目的性之原则为审美判断力之超越原则之疑窦与商榷》一长文。其美学思想可进一步区分为两个方面：第一方面,乃是依《智的直觉与中国哲学》、《现象与物自身》、《圆善论》而表其美学思想,第二方面,乃是依《以合目的性之原则为审美判断力之超越原则之疑窦与商榷》一文及相关诸讲录文本而表其美学思想。就第一方面言,可概之以智的直觉与自由之朗现。智的直觉一观念在牟宗三哲学里具有中柱之作用,故特以一章之篇幅而疏解其依中国儒释道三家而证明之过程。并此一观念对其美学思想之表述亦甚关键重要。依中国智慧吾人有智的直觉,故有自由的无限心,具体而言：在儒家是道德仁心,在佛家是如来藏自性清净心,在道家是道心,此一自由的无限心之如如地呈现出来者,即一览无遗地呈现出来者,乃是圆满地呈现,故谓其为朗现。依中国智慧传统而确定吾人有智的直觉,并已表明吾人因此而有一自由的无限心并能如如地呈现出来,以圆教系统义理模式范域之,则可证成或妥善地解答德福一致即圆善问题。内心之德与现实之福能够圆满一致,此亦表示自由的无限心已朗现出来了。而自由的无限心一旦朗现,此则表示内心修证境界已达至平平一如之境界,故内心与现实一如,德与福一如。如此朗现出来的自由境界可谓是审美之极致。就第二方面言,可概之以即真即美即善与自由之圆成。牟宗三首先依循康德之思维道路而疏解了康德关于审美判断之诸问题,继而进一步依中国智慧传统而提出真美善之分别说与合一说之诸问题。依牟宗三,在即真即美即善之合一化境里,分别说的真美善之自性相皆被化掉了而归平平一如之浑化圆满境界。既然真美善三者皆可化而相即,故能够达至此一即真即美即善之合一化境者,乃是自由之究极圆成者。因此理之故,特单提出来而独立成章以表之而示其重要性与特殊性。此即是牟宗三哲学美学思想之大端。更多还原

【Abstract】 Mou Tsung-san’s aesthetics show a purely philosophical significance, so his philosophical aesthetics is from his philosophy. According to Mou Tsung-san’s all works, especially the core works, author believe that freedom of the perfect enlightenment Human Being is a core issue in Mou Tsung-san’s aesthetics. In the context of his thought, the freedom is a spere, the perfect enlightenment Human Being is complete enlightenment Human Being.In particular:in Confucianism, this is theSaint;in Buddhism, this is the Buddha;inTaoism, this is Heaven-human.Therefore, Freedom of the Perfect Enlightenment Human Being, namely, the Saints, the Buddha and the Heaven-human achieve perfect penetration without obstruction sphere by Personal practicing.According to the theory border of Mou Tsung-san’s core works,his philosophical thoughts is divided into three periods:The First period is the logical philosophy stage.In this stage, Mou Tsung-san had a series of logic works, as well as researched Chinese historical culture in this theory foundation to have three books about New Outside King. In terms of his aesthetics, can be summarized as:moral mind and freedom of Human Being. At this stage, he is more focus on Confucianism, so he specially emphasis on the role of moral mind, even if aesthetic pleasure achieving in music, but also specially emphasis on it is from standing in ceremony. The second period is Chinese philosophy stage. In this stage, Mou Tsung-san had three books about the theme of Chinese Philosophy History from Wei-jin to the end of Ming:1, "Talent andMetaphysics"about the Metaphysics of Wei-jin period;2, "the Buddha and the Prajna" about the Buddhism of from Sui to Tang period;3, "mind noumenon and nature noumenon" about the Confucianism of from Song to Ming period. In terms of his aesthetics, can be summarized as:mind-nature philosophy and presentation of freedom. in this period,he judged and digested the Taoist,Buddhist and Confucianism. The Taoist,Buddhist and Confucianism are mind-nature philosophy because they all focus on practicing the intrinsic mind-nature.It is easy to understand. Taoism emphasizes the taoist-mind can achieve perfect and harmonizing sphere of Phenomenon and Noumenon. Buddhism emphasizes tathagata-garbha buddha-mind can achieve freedom sphere of Bodhicitta. Confucianism emphasizes the Saint-mind can achieve perfect sphere of morals.The freedom sphere of the Taoist,Buddhist and Confucianism that practical subject had naturally achieve by gradual practicing,so freedom in the context is present. The third period is the stage of digestion and development of Kant’s philosophy. In this stage, Mou Tsung-san had three books and a long special paper:"Intellectual Intuition and Chinese Philosophy","phenomenon and thing-in-itself","On Supreme Good" and "suspicion and the discussion about the principle of purposiveness is the transcendental principle of aesthetic judgment". In terms of his aesthetics, there are two aspects: First,according to the "Intellectual Intuition and Chinese Philosophy","phenomenon and thing in itself’,"On Supreme Good", explaining his aesthetics; Secondly, according to the "suspicion and the discussion about the principle of purposiveness is the transcendental principle of aesthetic judgment" and related speech texts,explaining his aesthetics. On the first aspect, can be summarized as:intellectual intuition and perfect presentation of freedom. A concept of intellectual intuition in Mou Tsung-san’s philosophy has a role of the axial column, so in this special chapter,the logical process that he untwined it according to the Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism will be explained.And this concept is very important for researching his aesthetics. According to the Chinese wisdom,human being have intellectual intuition, therefore, human being have unlimited mind of freedom, In particular:in Confucianism, this is the Saint-mind;in Buddhism, this is the Buddha-mind, inTaoism, this is Taoist-mind. The unlimited mind of freedom such as presents,that is,completely presents,namely, perfect presentation. The freedom sphere by such as perfectly presenting is the best perfection of aesthetic. On the second aspect, can be summarized as:that is ture that is beauty that is good and perfect accomplishment of freedom. Mou Tsung-san first untwined a series of issues of aesthetic judgments in kant’s aesthetics, and then further according to the tradition of Chinese wisdom,stated a series of issues in the theory of independently speaking and comprehensively speaking true,beauty and good.According to Mou Tsung-san,in the perfect sphere by comprehensively speaking true,beauty and good,self-physiognomy of true,beauty and good all are dissipated and achieve to plain and perfect sphere.The sphere is perfect accomplishment of freedom. Therefore, this particular department is separately and independently formed a chapter in order to show it’s importance and particularity.This is the outline of Mou Tsung-san’s philosophical aesthetics.更多还原