民初农商部研究（1912-1916）

【作者】 丁健；

【导师】 张华腾；

【作者基本信息】 陕西师范大学 ， 中国近现代史， 2011， 博士

【摘要】 近代以来,随着中外交往的频繁,传统农商行政管理体制开始出现新的趋向。为了应付传统经济管理体制的不足,清政府增设了一些临时管理对外商务往来的行政机构,而商部的创设,则标志着中国第一个近代意义上专门管理全国实业的中央机构诞生。后来由于职权过于宽泛、经费不足而改为农工商部。辛亥革命后,革命党人建立南京临时政府,为了促进全国实业的发展,设立了实业部,各省成立实业司。袁世凯当选南北统一的临时大总统后,临时政府迁至北京,袁世凯及其北京政府十分重视实业的发展,在清农工商部和南京实业部整合的基础上成立了农商部,起初分立为农林、工商二部。相较而言,清末商部、农工商部与之已不可同日而语。简言之,民初农商部建立在中华民国民主共和政治体制之下,而清末商部、农工商部却仍为封建君主专制政体服务；其次,民初农商部的创新精神也是清末商部、农工商部所无法比拟的。民初农商部的组建经历一个不寻常的过程,它是辛亥革命以来各方政治势力博弈的继续。其间虽然没有惊心动魄的公开大论争,可背后却隐藏着许多不为人知的故事。农商部成立后,自然就要发挥其组织领导和管理农工商矿各业发展的行政职能,这种职能是如何行使的呢?农商部发挥正常的农工商矿各业行政管理职能,既需要组织其所有职员的参与和协作,又需要一个合理的组织机构作为其运作的载体,还需要一定的经费作为其经济保障。只有三者同时具备,农商部才能够实现职权运作。农商部的职权运作是一项系统而复杂的工程,牵涉的问题很广,不仅需要农商部领导者有高瞻远瞩的眼光,现代化的施政理念,也需要中央、省、县职能部门的配合,更需要从事实业者之身体力行。其中,农商部内部的组织机构及其主要人事构成,则是农商部的灵魂和核心,组织结构是从宏观上而言,人事构成却是微观范畴,如果说组织机构是一架高速运转的机器的话,那么人事就是这台机器的具体操作者,就是中枢指挥系统。农商部内部组织机构的设置,较强地适应了民初社会经济发展的需要,其采用分科层治事的方式,分工明确,责有专人,是对传统模糊治事方式的扬弃,是政治制度现代化的重要体现。在人事构成方面,其拥有一支学历高、专业性强、年轻有为的官僚队伍,尽管民初农商部总次长更迭较为频繁,但参事和司长群体们却相对比较稳定。参事的稳定有利于农商部方针政策、法律制度的稳定,司长的稳定有利于农商部处理日常事务的连续性。而运作过程既是农商部职权的具体体现,也是评价农商部在民初经济发展中所起作用的重要砝码。它主要有三种运作方式：行政方式,法律方式,协作方式。为了促进民初实业的发展,农商部不仅制定了适应生产力发展的农工商矿各业经济政策,而且极力施行,取得了重大成绩,一时竟出现了被人们美誉的“资本主义的黄金时期”,极大的促进了中国早期现代化的进程。尽管其某些政策的制定和执行还未能尽如人意,但我们不能以偏概全,从而抹杀其在民初经济社会发展中所起的积极作用。可惜的是,这种经济快速运转态势却因袁世凯的帝制自为而逐渐衰竭。更多还原

【Abstract】 Since the Modern times, with the foreign exchanges increasing, Traditional agricultural business management system began to appear a new trend. To cope with the shortage of traditional economic management system, the Qing government set some additional temporary management of the administration to deal with foreign business dealings. The creation of the Ministry of Commerce marked that China’s first special central management on industries in the modern sense appeared. After the Ministry of Commerce establishing, its policy seek to break the traditional mode of six, attempt to innovation, people pay more attention to it at that time.It had a significant impact. Later, because of the terms too broad and insufficient funds.it was combined into the department of agriculture,industry and commerce. After the Revolution in1911, the revolutionaries formed the Nanjing Provisional Government, confrontation with the Qing government, in order to promote national industrial development, they established the Ministry of Industry, the provinces set up Industrial Division. Yuan Shikai was elected the provisional president, after the provisional government moving to Beijing, Yuan Shikai and the Beijing government attached great importance to industrial development, the Ministry of Agriculture and commerce was established on the basis of the Ministry of Industry and the department of agriculture,industry and commerce.at first it division for the department of agriculture and the department of industry and commerce.In comparison, the Department of Business or the Ministry of Agriculture of the late Qing Dynasty is quite different with it. In short, the Ministry of Agriculture and Commerce establish a democratic republic political system in the Republic of China, but the Department of Business and the Ministry of Agriculture of the late Qing Dynasty are still serving for the feudal monarchy. Secondly, the innovative spirit of the Ministry of Agriculture and Commerce exceed the Department of Business or the Ministry of Agriculture of the late Qing Dynasty. Although the revolution overthrew the feudal autocratic monarchy smoothly, the Ministry of Agriculture and Commerce formation had experienced an unusual process, it was continuous that various forces strugglesince the 1911 Revolution, not open Great Debates,but behind a lot of little-known story. After the establishment of the Ministry of Agriculture and Commerce, it will play the executive functions leading and management organization of the farming,industry and mining, how this function perform? The Ministry of Agriculture and Commerce will play a normal administrative functions on the agriculture,industry and mining, it not only needs to organize their participation and collaboration of all staff, require a rational organizational structure as the carrier of its operation, but also needs a certain funds as their economic security. Only Three conditions Coexist the same time, the Ministry of Agriculture and Commerce authority can be able to realize its operation. Terms of the operation of the Ministry of Agriculture and Commerce is a systematic and complex project, involving very broad question, it not only needs that the Ministry of Agriculture and Commerce leaders have the vision, the central, province and county functions to work in coordination, but also needs the people engaged in industry put the policy into practice.The organization and its key personnel composition are the soul of and the core the Ministry of Agriculture and Commerce. the organizational structure is hardware, and the personnel composition is software, if the organizational structure is a high-speed operation machine, then the personnel is the concrete operation of the machine who is the core command system.The internal organizations settings of the Ministry of Agriculture and Commerce are strongly adapted to the social and economic development, which use the way of division level management, a clear division and responsibility with someone, beyond the traditional management. it is important exemplification in the modern political system.On the composition of the personnel, it has a high academic qualification, professional and young bureaucracy. Although the Ministers are more frequent change, but the counselors and the director groups have been relatively stable, which help to keep the policies and legal systems of the Ministry of Agriculture and Commerce stable, keep managing the daily affairs Continuity. The operation of the Ministry of Agriculture and Commerce is a concrete manifestation of its authority, it is an important criterion that evaluated its functions on the economic development. It has three major mode of operation:the administrative means, the legal way and the collaborative approach. In order to promote the development of the industries, the Ministry of Agriculture and Commerce draw up a rational economic policy of the industries, and strongly implementing and achieving significant results, it appeared to be hailed as the "golden age of capitalism", Which greatly promoted the China’s early modernization. Although the formulation and implementation of the policy are also not ideal, but we can not generalize and consider it played an active role on social development in the 1910’s. Unfortunately, the economic rapid situation because of Yuan Shikai proclaiming himself an emperor gradually lead to the failure.更多还原