近代西北回族社会变迁研究

【作者】 李健彪；

【导师】 周伟洲；

【作者基本信息】 陕西师范大学 ， 民族学， 2011， 博士

【摘要】 西北是回族重要的聚居区,近代对西北回族来讲是一个非常重要的历史阶段。这时的社会最为动荡,回族人口的变化最为突出,回族聚居区的变化最为明显,甚至影响到今天西北边远山区回族群众的脱贫和温饱问题。西北马家军阀的强大势力对甘、宁、青的社会经济发展影响深远,回族社会的政治、经济、文化、教育、宗教等正面临重要的社会转型。研究近代西北回族社会的变迁,有着重要的学术价值和现实意义,相信能够增强各民族的相互了解,在理论上、政策上为进一步做好民族工作、促进西部大开发、构建和谐社会提供借鉴和指导作用。本论文主要研究近代(1840—1949)西北回族社会的变迁,包括回族人口、分布和聚居地的变迁、政治地位、经济结构的变迁、民众生活和社会的变迁、文化教育模式和宗教传统的变迁、民族关系的变迁及两次大的社会变迁的特点之比较、思考和启示,涉及清末西北回民起义的原因、经过及清政府的安置政策、西北诸马(马占鰲、马千龄、马海晏家族)的兴起、影响和有关重大历史事件,探讨近代西北回族社会变迁的原因和变迁的过程。论文主要包括以下四个部分：第一部分,主要回顾了清同治年以前西北回族的历史渊源、人口与分布、经济结构和社会生活。认为回族在西北遍布乡村和城镇,人口众多,其分布特点与全国其他地方回族一样是大分散、小聚居,聚居的区域主要有以下三个特点：一是交通要道,二是土地便于耕作之地,三是繁华闹市。以农为主而兼营畜牧业、商业一直是西北回族社会经济结构的主要模式。第二部分,研究了清同治年间西北回族社会的第一次变迁,主要探讨了变迁的背景和原因、回民起义的爆发和经过、对西北回族社会的影响以及对整个西北社会经济发展的影响。首先分析了回民起义的原因,即苛捐杂税众多民不聊生；法律上回汉不平等；宗教上回族受歧视；生活中回族受压迫。团练屠杀是清末西北回民起义的导火线。重点研究了回民起义与西北回族社会变迁,即回族人口的锐减、回族分布的变化、回族经济的衰微、回族社会的分化、宗教和文化的变迁、民众生活的变迁、民族关系的特点。清军的围剿造成了西北回族人口的大量锐减,清政府对“难回”的安置又改变了历史上西北回族原有的分布格局,使许多传统的回族聚居区荡然无存,不少劫后余生的回族从富饶的地方迁居到了贫瘠之地,从而造成了动乱中的回族生活、经济、宗教、文化由盛转衰的变迁,并对西北社会经济的发展产生了深远的影响。第三部分,分为上下两章,研究了清末新政至民国时期西北回族社会的第二次变迁,主要探讨了变迁的背景、诸马集团的兴起对西北回族社会的影响、回族近代经济的萌芽与经济的变化、回族民众生活的变迁、回族新文化运动和新式教育的兴起、伊斯兰教的复兴和发展以及西北回族国家意识的新变化。第二次大变迁的背景是以清末新政的实施为起点。经济变迁方面探讨了皮毛业、运输业和回族经济的特点、影响；民众生活变迁方面探讨了回族民众的精神面貌、回族民众的生活、回族民众的反抗、民族关系的变化；文化教育变迁方面,探讨了回族新文化运动、回族新式教育产生的时代背景、新式教育的概况、新式教育与传统经堂教育的区别、陕甘宁边区的回族教育；伊斯兰教变迁方面,探讨了伊合瓦尼的兴起和壮大、赛来菲耶的兴起、新兴教派门宦的出现、哲合忍耶与社会的适应、格底目和其他教派门宦的变迁、陕甘宁边区的伊斯兰教。国家意识变迁方面,探讨了西北回族国家意识的新变化,即回族民众积极抗日和回族军阀国家意识的增强。第四部分是结语,通过对近代西北回族社会两次变迁特点之比较,即背景不同、起因不同、性质不同、方式不同、结果不同、贡献不同、社会影响不同、经验教训不同的比较,提出了对近代西北回族社会变迁的思考和启示。认为良好的民族关系始终是历史的主流；民族平等是民族团结的基础,是各民族团结、繁荣、进步的前提；动荡的社会环境损害的是各民族的利益,影响的是各民族的发展；稳定和谐的社会环境最有利于回族社会的发展,回族社会的稳定、发展对西北的稳定、发展意义重大。更多还原

【Abstract】 Northwestern area is the important place where minorities live and inhabit. Modern times are very vital historic stage to the northwestern Hui nationality. The society then was the most turbulent, and the population of the Hui nationality changed greatly, and the change of the Hui inhabited area was enormous as well. It even influenced the problem that the Hui nationality of the northwestern remote and mountain areas overcoming poverty and having enough to eat and wear at the present. The mightiness of Majia army warlord made great influence to the economic and social development of the Gansu, Ningxia and Qinghai provinces. The Hui nationality’s politics, economy, culture, education, religion and so on are faced with important transformation. The research of the change of the northwestern Hui nationality’s society has very important intellectual merit and realistic Significance. I believe it can promote the mutual understand among various nationalities, in theory and policy, it can provide reference and guidance to further better the work of the minorities, promote the western development and build a harmonious society.The thesis will mainly research the social change of the northwestern Hui nationality in modern times (from 1840 to 1949) including the Hui nationality’s population change, the distribution and inhabited areas changes, the political status and economic structure change, the public life and social change, cultural and educational pattern and regional tradition changes, the national relations change and compare, think, two great social change and their features and get the revelations. It involves the reason, process of the northwestern Hui nationality’s uprising by the end of the Qing Dynasty, and Qing Government’s pacifying policy, including the rise of the northwestern Ma’s (Ma Zhan’ao, Ma Qianling and Ma Haiyan’s families), influence and important historical incidents. I’d like to probe into the changing reason and process of the northwestern Hui nationality’s society in modern times. The theses are mainly divided into the following four parts:the 1st part mainly reviews the historical origin, the population distribution, the economic structure and the social life before the Tongzhi years of the Qing Dynasty. It considered that the Hui nationality is all over rural and urban areas in the northwestern areas, the population is large, and the feature of the distribution is as other part of the country, it is large dispersion and small settlements, and the inhabited areas have such features:1. By the vital communication lines,2. The soils are easily cultivated.3. In the prosperous downtown. Mainly by agriculture, and they also mix the animal husbandry, and commerce has been the main pattern of the Northwestern Hui nationality’s economic structure in society.The 2n part researches the 1st change of the Hui nationality society in the Tongzhi years of the Qing Dynasty, mainly discusses the background and reason of the change, the explosion and process of the Hui Nationality’s uprising and its influence to the society of the northwestern Hui nationality, and to the whole northwest social and economic development. It firstly analyzes the reason of the Hui nationality’s uprising, which was the exorbitant taxes and levies, and the masses had no means to live; and in the law, Hui and Han nationalities were not equal; in religion, Hui nationality suffered discrimination; in life the Hui nationality suffered oppression. The TuanLian slaughter was the blasting fuse of Hui nationality’s uprising by the end of the Qing Dynasty. It mainly researched the Hui nationality’s uprising and the Northwestern Hui nationality’s social change, that is Hui nationality population decrease sharply, the change of the Hui Nationality’s distribution, Hui Nationality’s economic decline, the Hui social differentiation, religious and cultural change, the public life change and the features of the national relations. The army of the Qing dynasty’s counter-campaign largely decreased population of the northwestern Hui Nationality. The Qing Government’s arrangement for the "Refugee Hui Nationality" changed the original distribution construction of the northwestern Hui nationality in history. It caused all-gong of the traditional Hui Nationality inhabited areas. Quite a few Hui Nationality people after surviving a disaster migrated to infertile soils from wealthy lands, and further caused the change of the Hui nationality’s life, economy, religion and culture in chaos from prosperity into decline, and the deep influence which made to the northwestern social and economy.The 3rd part is divided into two chapter, they researched the 2nd change stage of the Northwestern Hui nationality society from the New Deal by the end of the Qing Dynasty to Minguo Period, mainly researched the background of the change; the Rising of the Ma’s group’s influence to the Northwestern Hui nationality society, the Hui nationality’s modern times economy sprout and change of the economy, the change of the Hui nationality public life, the new cultural movement of the Hui nationality’s and the rising of the new-style education, Islamic reviving and developing and the new change of the Northwestern Hui nationality’s national consciousness. The background of the 2nd great change began with implementation of the new deal by the end of the Qing Dynasty. On the aspect of the economic change, I researched the fur industry, transportation and the features of the Hui nationality economy and influence. On the change of public life, I researched the mental attitute, the lift, the rebellion of the Hui nationality’s, and change of the national relations. On the cultural educational change, I researched the new cultural movement of the Hui nationality, the background which emerged Hui nationality’s new style education, the outline of the new style education, the difference between the new education and the traditional old Chinese education, the Hui nationality’s education in the Shaanxi, Gansu, and Ningxia Border Regions. On the Islamic change, I researched the development and expansion of Iraq’s, the rising of the Philippines, emerging sect of Islam menhuan, Jahriyyah fit for the society, the change of Grimm and other Sect of Islam menhuan and the Islam in the Shaanxi, Gansu, and Ningxia Border Regions. On the national consciousness, I researched the new change of the northwestern Hui Nationality’s, which is the Hui people’s positive Anti-Japanese and Hui warlords’enhancement of the national consciousness.The 4th part is the conclusion, by comparing the features of the twice changes of the northwestern Hui nationality’s society, that is the different background, different causes, different propertie, different styles, different results, different contributions, different social influences and different experiments and lessons, I presented my thought and revelation on modern northwestern Hui nationality’s social and history change. I think that the good national relationship has been always the main stream of history; the national equality has been the foundation of the national unity, the premise of the various nationalities’unity, prosperity, and improvement. The social environment of unrest damages benefits of all nationalities and influences the development of all nationalities. The steady and harmonious social environments are most favorable to the Hui nationality’s social development. The social stabilization and development of Hui nationality are of great importance to the stabilization and development northwestern areas.更多还原