【作者】 陈刚；

【导师】 陈建宪；

【作者基本信息】 华中师范大学 ， 中国民间文学， 2011， 博士

【摘要】 蓬莱神话是中国古代神话的两大体系之一,至今仍广泛流传于社会生活之中,生命力之顽强,令人惊叹。蓬莱神话虽然历史悠久,影响深远,却仍有些问题至今尚未解决,如蓬莱神话究竟是如何产生、发展与演变的?蓬莱为何能穿越千年时空而保持强盛的活力?促其变化的原因是什么?等等。本文以梳理蓬莱神话在各个时期古籍中的记载为主线,系统研究蓬莱神话在各个历史时期的基本内容和主要特征,并进一步探讨神话、仙话的联系与区别,以及中国不断产生新神话的原因,进而管窥中国神话发展的内在演变规律。本文绪论主要介绍选题缘起、相关研究史、研究理论和方法。第一章论述中国古代的海洋神话是蓬莱神话产生、发展的背景,认为随着海洋神话的发展和演变,神界由海外的大荒逐渐升至天空,与人间的关系由原来的水平远近关系变为垂直的上下关系,但原来的海中神山仍留在大海之中,蓬莱神山就是远古海中神山的遗留。第二章,先秦时期是蓬莱神话产生、演变的重要时期。作为海中神山的“蓬莱”第一次出现在《山海经》中,并逐渐由默默无闻的神山变为举世闻名的海中仙山。虽然相关记载屈指可数,但通过与其它神山仙岛的记载相比较,仍能阐释蓬莱神话的思想文化背景：神的地位正在逐渐下降,而仙的地位却在逐渐提高。先秦末期,即春秋战国时期,这种变化更为明显。第三章,秦朝虽只有短短十几年,对中国思想文化却影响深远。秦朝是蓬莱神话转变和定型时期。秦始皇是中国历史上第一个亲自东巡沿海求仙的帝王,数次蓬莱求仙并留下大量的传说和遗迹,被详细记载于古籍之中,蓬莱越来越变为举世闻名的仙山。第四章,汉朝的蓬莱神话继承秦朝,继续发展,最终实现从神到仙的转变。汉武帝数次求仙蓬莱和相关事迹、传说被更详细地记载于古籍之中,屡屡被后人引述和效仿。因汉武帝曾立于东海之滨眺望蓬莱仙山,后人便把修建于此的城镇称为蓬莱,于是海中蓬莱又衍生出作为人间地名的蓬莱。第五章,蓬莱神话的发展在魏晋南北朝时期达到一个高峰。在诸多志怪小说中,蓬莱神话越来越丰富,蓬莱山的地理位置、形状、仙人和周围的神国仙乡,更加丰富而详细,基本形成蓬莱神话魏晋之后的基本面貌和特征,影响深远。蓬莱神话自先秦至魏晋,经历产生、发展和转型,从无足轻重的神山转变为万人瞩目的海中仙山之首,深刻而生动地揭示了神话和仙话的联系和区别。神话和仙话是同一事物在不同发展阶段的不同名称,随着社会的发展和个人生命意识的增强,神在完成创世之后,又承担起拯救人类于死亡的重任,在保留神的神奇力量的同时,又增加了长生不死的特质。后来的仙人也不仅仅长生不死,而且往往法力无边,能拯救人类于死亡危难之中。从蓬莱神话发展的轨迹可以看出：中国的神话一直处于分化演变之中,随着社会和思想的发展而变化,而不象一些其他国家的古老神话,例如古希腊和埃及,一旦产生,就保持着固有形态,成为万世经典。所以,新神话能够在中国不断产生,既继承着远古神话的因素,也包融着后代神话的内容,生生不息。更多还原

【Abstract】 Penglai Myth, as one of the two systems of Chinese ancient myth, still spread in our daily life. Its tenacious vitality is really amazing. Though it has a long history with a far-reaching influence, some questions about it have no answer yet. For instance, how did Penglai Myth come into being, develop and evolve? Why can it continue a strong life force so long time? What caused the variation of it? In this thesis, I make a systematic study on the basic contents and main characteristics of Penglai Myth in different periods, approach the links and differences between mythology and fairy story, as well as the reason for the ceaseless emergence of new mythology and then probe the internal rules of its development.In the introductory remark, I mainly introduce the reason the thesis comes out, the relevant research situation, the studying theory and methods. Chapter one makes a brief introduction to the background and the development of Penglai Myth. Penglai Myth derives from ancient Chinese marine myths. With its development and evolution, The divine divinity ascended from the chaotic state to the heaven. However, the Sacred Mountains remained where they were and some eventually changed into Penglai Sacred Mountain. In chapter two, the Pre-Qin Period is very important for the evolution of Penglai Myth. Penglai, as a Sacred Mountain in the sea, appeared for the first time in The Classic of Mountains and Rivers and became world famous. Though lack of relevant records, yet compared with the other Sacred Mountains’ records, we can still explain the cultural background of its. That is, the status of a god decreased by degrees while that of celestial beings is rising gradually, which is more evident during the late Pre-Qin Period,namely the Spring and Autumn Period. Chapter three, lasting only more than ten years, Qin Dynasty makes a profound impact on Chinese ideology and culture. It is the turning point and the complete period of Penglai Myth. The First Emperor of Chinese history was also the first one to look for the God off the coastal region, the records and legends of which could be found out in ancient books. Thus, Penglai became a world famous Sacred Mountain. In chapter four, with the Inheritance and development of Penglai Myth in Han Dynasty, divinities turned into celestial beings in the end. The legends and records that The Emperor Han Wu looked for the celestial being several times in Penglai were more detailed in ancient books, which is quoted and imitated by the further generation. The reason why the place name, Penglai, emerged from the name of the marine mountain is because The Emperor Han Wu used to overlook the mountain in shore of east China sea, and then the town was named Penglai. In chapter five, Penglai Myth was at its peak in the Period of Wei Jin and the Northern and Southern Dynasties. In the ghost stories, the records were becoming more and more colorful and detailed, such as its geographical position, its shape, celestial beings and the surroundings, which are the fundamental characteristics of Penglai Myth after the Period of Wei Jin.Penglai Myth underwent the emergence, development and transition from the Pre-Qin Period to the Period of Wei Jin. The transition from a jerkwater Mysterious Mountain into the Most-Watched marine one revealed the links and differences between myths and fairy stories. Myth and fairy story are two different names of one matter in different stages. With the development of society and the heightening of individual life consciousness,after creating the world, the gods assumed the responsibility of saving mankind from death. Besides the magic power, they are also immortal. Not only are the later fairies immortal, but also have abysmal magic to help mankind at a dead lift. Thus, a conclusion can be drawn from the development of Penglai Myth that Chinese myth is always differentiating and evolving and is always changing with the development of society and idea, which is different from other countries’ myth. For example, the myth of ancient Greece and Egypt maintained the inherent pattern and is regarded as canons, once formed. Therefore, new mythology can be fast multiplying. It not only inherits the factors of ancient myths, but also drinks in new contents.更多还原