1978年以来中国救灾捐赠研究

【作者】 韩颖；

【导师】 刘晶芳；

【作者基本信息】 中共中央党校 ， 中共党史， 2011， 博士

【摘要】 本文以改革开放以来中国救灾捐赠工作为研究对象,系统梳理了1978年以来中国救灾捐赠改革发展的历史脉络,揭示了其发展演变的深刻历史背景及原因,并在此基础上总结了中国救灾捐赠改革发展的历史经验和启示。按照救灾捐赠改革发展的阶段性,本文将改革开放以来救灾捐赠的发展演变分为三个时期:救灾捐赠的恢复和调整时期(1979-1988年)、救灾捐赠的改革探索时期(1989-1999年)和救灾捐赠的快速蓬勃发展时期(2000年以来)。本文由导论、正文(四章)和结束语(第五章)组成。导论部分主要介绍本课题的选题意义、相关核心概念、研究现状、主要研究方法、研究重点、难点和创新点以及论文的基本框架结构。第一章,1949-1978年中国救灾捐赠工作回顾。通过已掌握的材料,对1949-1978年中国发生的自然灾害情况,以及党和政府开展的救灾捐赠活动进行归纳梳理,总结1949-1978年间中国救灾捐赠的特点。第二章,1979-1988年中国救灾捐赠的恢复和调整。笔者认为,这一阶段救灾捐赠还处于初步恢复和摸索阶段,“左”的思想影响在一定程度上还依然存在。一方面,党和政府对救灾工作进行恢复、调整,开始尝试恢复国内救灾捐赠工作,但救灾捐赠还没有得到足够的重视。另一方面,虽然中国开始接受国际救灾援助,在救灾外援的接收、入境、运输、检验检疫、发放等方面初步形成了一些固定做法和规定,但对救灾外援的态度还比较保守、谨慎、出现犹豫反复,仍然在一定程度上将灾情、救灾和接受救灾外援与政治因素和意识形态混在一起考虑,还不够开放、理性和务实。第三章,1989-1999年中国救灾捐赠的探索和改革。80年代末90年代初,随着体制的转轨,救灾捐赠开始真正步入改革探索阶段。以中国国际减灾十年委员会的成立、减灾被纳入国民经济计划和社会发展总体规划以及救灾工作实行分级管理体制改革为契机,民政部开始初步探索经常性社会捐助活动和救灾对口支援模式,并逐步规范、完善国际救灾援助的政策和制度规定,与此同时,《中华人民共和国公益事业捐赠法》的颁布,标志着国家以法律形式对扶贫济困捐赠行为的肯定、保护、规范和鼓励,为救灾捐赠工作的开展提供了基本法律依据,奠定了救灾捐赠工作法制化的基础。第四章,2000年以来中国救灾捐赠的快速蓬勃发展。主要介绍了2000年后中国救灾捐赠在经常性社会捐助制度、救灾对口支援、救灾捐赠激励、救灾捐赠应急响应机制、国际救灾援助以及立法工作等方面的建设和发展。笔者认为,经历了2003年防治“非典”、2008年初南方低温雨雪冰冻灾害和“5?12”汶川特大地震、2010年“4·14”玉树地震和“8·7”舟曲泥石流灾害等救灾捐赠实践,经常性社会捐助、救灾对口支援、救灾捐赠激励、救灾捐赠应急响应机制、国际救灾援助及立法工作都取得了长足的进步和发展,救灾捐赠在组织、发动、接收、运输、分配、统计、信息公开、监督等环节的具体操作流程逐步规范、完善,形成了一套比较成熟、规范的运行模式,逐步确立了“政府推动、民间运作、社会参与、各方协作”的救灾捐赠工作机制。结束语(第五章),1978年以来中国救灾捐赠述评。分析了1978年以来中国救灾捐赠取得的重大进展及其存在的问题和不足,并在此基础上总结1978年以来中国救灾捐赠改革发展的经验启示。在对1978年以来中国救灾捐赠考察过程中,本文着重对该课题研究的几个薄弱环节进行较为深入细致的研究,系统考察了中国在对待国际救灾援助、经常性社会捐助、救灾对口支援、救灾捐赠激励和救灾捐赠立法等问题上的政策变化及其深刻的历史背景,并总结其经验教训。更多还原

【Abstract】 This paper mainly studies the work of China’s donations for disaster relief since reform and opening-up, systematically reviews the development of China’s donations for disaster relief since 1978, deeply reveals historical background and reasons of the evolution of China’s donations for disaster relief, on the basis this paper summarizes the historical experiences and enlightenment of China’s donations for disaster relief. According to the development of China’s donations for disaster relief, this paper divides the development of China’s donations for disaster relief since 1978 into three periods: the recovery and adjustment period of donations for disaster relief (1979-1988)、the reform and exploration period of donations for disaster relief(1989-1999)、the rapid development period donations for disaster relief (since 2000).The paper includes three parts: introduction, body and conclusion, the main content is as follows:The introduction mainly introduces the significance of this subject、relevant concepts、the current research situation、the main research methods、the focus and difficulty of the research and the basic structure of the paper.The first chapter mainly reviews the donations for disaster relief of China (1949-1978). Through the available materials, this paper summaries the natural disasters that happened in China(1949-1978) and the activities of donations for disaster relief held by Party and government during natural disasters, concludes the characteristics of donations for disaster relief of China (1949-1978).The second chapter, the recovery and adjustment of donations for disaster relief of China (1979-1988). the paper mainly analyzes the recovery, adjustment and background of donations for disaster relief of China (1979-1988). I think, at this stage, the donations for disaster relief remains at the preliminary stage,“left”influence in certain extent still exists. On one hand, the party and government began the work of recovery and adjustment of donations for disaster relief, but the donations for disaster relief work haven’t got enough attention. On the other hand, although china began to accept international disaster relief assistance, in disaster relief from the outside, immigration and transport and provide inspection and quarantine, has initially formed a number of fixed practices and regulations, but the attitude to the foreign assistance to disaster relief is more conservative, cautious and hesitating, in a certain extent, mixed natural disaster, disaster relief , acceptance of foreign assistance and political factor and ideology together. It’s not open, reasonable and pragmatic enough. The third chapter, the reform and explore of donations for disaster relief of China (1989-1999). The paper mainly introduces the course of the reform and explore of donations for disaster relief of China (1989-1999). in the late 80s and early 90s, with the transition of system, the donations for disaster-relief work step into the real reform and explore stage. As the Chinese international disaster-relief decade committee was established, disaster-relief was incorporated in the plan for national economic and social development,disaster-relief work began the decentralized management system Reform, Ministry of Civil Affairs begins the preliminary exploration of recurrent public donations activity and disaster-relief counterpart support mode, gradually standardized and improved the international disaster relief assistance policy and system of regulations. Meanwhile, the Public Welfare Donations Law of People’s Republic of China was promulgated, in the form of law, it marks the country’s acceptance, protection, regulation and encouragement to the action of poverty relief and donation, providing the basic law for the development of donations for disaster relief work, making the law-foundation for donations for disaster relief work.The fourth chapter, the rapid development of donations for disaster relief since 2000. It mainly introduces the construction and development of China’s donations for disaster relief, from the aspects of recurrent public donations system, disaster relief counterpart assistance, inspriration of disaster relief, response to emergency relief, international disaster relief assistance and the work of legislation etc. I think, with the experiences of donations for disaster relief in SARS prevention in 2003, cold disaster in the south in the early 2008, the“5·12”Wenchuan earthquake,“4·14”Yushu earthquakes in 2010 and“8·7”Zhouqu debris flow disaster, recurrent public donations system, disaster relief counterpart assistance, inspriration of disaster relief, response to emergency relief, international disaster relief assistance and the work of legislation work have made great progress and development, the specific operating process of donations for disaster relief, such as the flow of organization, launch, and transportation, distribution, statistics and information disclosure, monitoring, becomes more and more regular and perfect, and has formed a more mature and standardized running mode, gradually established the mechanisms of“government promotion, civil operation, society participation, all parties coordination”for donations for disaster relief work.Closing remarks, narration and commentation of donations for disaster relief in China since 1978. It summarizes and analyzes the big development and the problem and shortage of donations for disaster relief in China since 1978, on this basis, summarizing the experiences and enlightenments of the reform and development of donations for disaster relief in China since 1978.In the process of exploring donations for disaster relief in China since 1978. this paper mainly explores deeply some weak piont about this subject, systematically studies China’s policy changes and historical background of international disaster relief assistance, recurrent public donations system, disaster relief counterpart assistance, inspriration of disaster relief, legislation work, and concludes its experiences and lessons.更多还原