【作者】 朱大鹏；

【导师】 王学俭；

【作者基本信息】 兰州大学 ， 马克思主义中国化研究， 2011， 博士

【摘要】 社会主义正义观是马克思主义理论体系的一部分。当前的社会主义正义观研究主要是集中于对中国共产党正义观的研究和当代中国社会公正问题的研究,已经取得了不少重要成果,拓展和深化了该研究领域。不足之处是综合性、系统化的成果少见,且对已取得成果的抽象和升华不够。至于社会主义制度史上正义观理论和实践的宏观研究则非常少见。社会主义正义观的形成和演进伴随着马克思主义的产生和发展的全过程。马克思主义创始人的正义观是建立在批判地吸收人类对社会正义不懈探索的相关成果之上的。古代社会改革理想的正义观、近代资产阶级思想家的正义观和空想社会主义者的正义观为马克思主义创始人的正义观提供了文化传统和思想材料。马克思恩格斯对于正义的态度是辩证的,既承认正义又超越正义。承认正义是基于正义是一种意识形态,它是与一定的经济基础相联系的。超越正义是基于正义本身并不是社会历史变革的根本力量,虽然不同时代和阶级对于正义的具体要求和理解不同,但却一定要与生产方式相适应,因此不能用抽象的正义原则去评判。马克思恩格斯创立了科学社会主义理论,科学社会主义理论的基本立场、观点决定了社会主义正义观的基本特点,这就是人民性、现实性、实践性。十月社会主义革命的胜利使社会主义实现了从理论到现实的飞跃,社会主义正义观也从马克思恩格斯对正义问题的原则的制定和阐发,发展到在理论和实践中对社会正义的双重追求。二次世界大战之后,包括中国在内的一系列国家走上社会主义道路,苏东社会主义国家从20世纪50年代以来对传统社会主义模式进行了积极的探索和改革,这一时期的社会主义正义观具有与整个社会主义社会和社会主义建设密切相关的突出特点,在正反两方面积累了丰富的理论和实践经验。中国共产党人根据马克思主义的基本立场、观点和方法,依托中国传统文化中的正义思想,结合现实国情,形成了独具特色的社会主义正义观。毛泽东思想中蕴含着丰富的正义理论,主要包括为建立社会主义制度奋斗、维护人民群众的利益、要求实现一系列的公平和平等、维护国家独立与主权等。在新中国成立至改革开放前这一时期,中国共产党对社会正义的实践主要取得了建立社会主义制度、发展经济和社会生产力、实现人民的政治权利、改善劳动群众生活等成就。改革开放以来,中国共产党领导中国人民在社会主义现代化建设的实践中形成了包括邓小平理论、“三个代表”重要思想和科学发展观在内的中国特色社会主义理论体系,从多方面和多角度丰富和发展了社会主义正义观。在新的历史阶段,党领导人民进行了推进社会正义的伟大实践。经济建设、政治建设、文化建设、社会建设以及生态文明建设和党的建设相互交融,造就了当前社会主义正义观实践的巨大成就。同时,由于历史和现实的各种复杂因素的制约和影响,在实践中还存在一些问题,有着相当程度的改善空间。社会主义正义观理论与实践的历史进程产生了巨大的历史影响,主要体现在实现了社会主义国家的总体正义、推动了世界范围正义理论与实践的进步、促进了“社会的人”的发展。历史经验主要包括坚持社会主义根本制度、坚持马克思主义政党坚强领导、坚持马克思主义思想路线、坚持人民群众历史主体地位、坚持科学发展的原则、坚持批判地吸收其他文化中的正义思想。历史教训主要包括要注意加强理论研究、注意改善基本民生、注意适应发展阶段、注意加强制度建设等。开展马克思主义正义观和社会主义正义观研究,已经有学者作了许多开创性和发展性的工作。但是从总体上来说,目前还没有达到一个成熟的发达的研究领域所应该达到的水平。在中国加强社会主义正义观的研究,要注意研究的主题、原则、任务和内容。更多还原

【Abstract】 Socialist justice is an essential part of the Marxism theory system. At present, the researches on socialist justice mainly focus on the justice of Chinese Communist Party and the current issues of social justice, and a great many important achievements have been gained, which also have widened and deepened the research field. However, there are still defects about the researches, in other words, more comprehensive and systematic researches need to be achieved, and the achievements already gained need abstracting and subliming much. What’s worse, neither the theories of justice in the history of socialist system nor macro-researches about the practice is sufficient.Socialist justice develops with the whole process of the generation and development of Marxism. The justice of the creator of Marxism is based on critically absorption of some achievements, that is, the continual exploration of social justice by human being. The justices of ancient social reforming ideal, of recent capitalist ideologists and of Utopian socialists have provided cultural tradition and the stuff of thought for the creators of Marxism. The attitudes of Marx and Engels toward justice are dialectical; they not only acknowledge justice but surmount it. They acknowledge justice because justice is a kind of ideology, which is closely related to certain economical basis. Surpassing justice, which is based on justice itself is not the fundamental force of social and historical transformation. Although different ages and classes hold different specific requirements and understanding of justice, it has to adapt to the mode of production of the society. Therefore, we cannot pass judgment on justice with abstract principle. Marx and Engels set up the theory of scientific socialism, the standpoint of which determines the general features of socialist justice, in other words, affinity to people, reality and practicality.The October Socialist Revolution enables socialism to leap from theory to practice. Like socialism, socialist justice which is based on the principles of Marx and Engels’s socialist justice, has developed from the formulation of the principles of socialist justice to the twofold pursuit of that both theoretically and practically. After the world war two, a succession of countries take the way of socialism, including China. Since 1950s, the USSR and other socialist countries in the east of Europe began to take active explorations and reforms on the traditional socialist mode. During this period, the socialist justice has a distinguished feature, in other words, it is closely related to the overall socialist society and socialist construction, which also enables the countries to cumulate abundant experiences both theoretically and practically from both sides.According to the basic standpoint, points of view and methods of Marxism, relying on the justice theory of Chinese traditional culture and the realistic circumstances, the Chinese Communists formed the characteristic socialist justice. There are abundant justice theories in the Mao Zedong Thought, including striving for setting up socialist system, for maintaining People’s interests, for demanding a series of justice and equality and for maintaining national independence and sovereignty. During the period from the foundation of the New China to the reforming and opening-up, the Chinese Communists have gained many achievements on the way of practicing socialist justice, mainly including having set up the socialist system, developing economy and social productivity, realizing People’s political rights and improving the living conditions of working people, etc.Since the reform and opening-up, the Chinese have formed the Chinese characteristic socialist theoretical system through practice under the lead of the Chinese Communist Party, including Deng Xiaoping theory, "The Three Representatives" important theory and Scientific developing theory, which have enriched and developed socialist justice from multi-aspects and multi-points of view. In the new historical era, the Chinese people have undertaken the great practice of advance social justice. The current distinguished achievements of the practice of socialist justice are accomplished by the combination of economical construction, political construction, cultural construction, social construction and ecological construction with the construction of the Party. Meanwhile, there remain many problems in our practice due to the constrain and influence of different complex historical and social factors, which still have a lot room to ameliorate.The theoretical and practical historical course of socialist justice has set enormous historical influences on many different parts, which are embodied in the following aspects:having realized overall justice of the socialist country, made progresses of justice worldwide both in theory and practice and advanced the development of "social man". The historical experiences mainly include maintaining the fundamental socialist principle, maintaining the leadership of Marxist Party, maintaining the theoretical route of Marxism, maintaining the historical principal position of the people, maintaining the principles of scientific development and maintaining the critical absorption of the theory of justice from other cultures. And the historical lessons basically include the needs to strengthen theoretical research, to ameliorate the people’s livelihood, to adapt to different developing periods and to enhance principle construction, etc.As far as the research on Marxist justice and socialist justice is concerned, there are already many creative and developmental achievements done by intellectuals. However, see as a whole, we find that the current researches have not reached a level that a matured and developed research deserves to reach. Therefore, in order to strengthen the research on socialist justice in China, we need to pay much attention to the subject, principle, task and content of our researches.更多还原