【作者】 蔡心交；

【导师】 潘文国；

【作者基本信息】 华东师范大学 ， 应用语言学， 2011， 博士

【摘要】 “成语”是既与词、名言、警句相区别,又与俗语、谚语、惯用语和歇后语等熟语相区别的语言文化单位。今人所谓“成语”之义,可以周祖谟先生1954年《汉语成语概说》中的界定为代表：“成语就是人民口里多少年来用的定型短语或短句。其中大部分都是从古代文学语言中当作一个意义完整的单位承续下来的。……成语的结构是固定的,一般都是四个字。它是相沿已久、约定俗成的具有固定性的东西,所以称为‘成语’。”随着人们对成语认识的逐步深入,对成语研究的领域也不断扩大。关于成语的研究可以分为成语的整体性研究、成语的语音研究、成语的结构研究、成语的释义研究、成语的语源研究、成语的运用研究、成语的文化研究、成语和其他熟语的比较研究、专书成语研究、不同语言成语的对比研究等。其中,双语或多语的成语对比研究相当少,特别是汉语成语和越语成语之间的对比。因此,我们想为成语研究补上这点空缺。本研究属于具体应用对比语言学,相当系统地、准确地把四千多条越语成语翻译成汉语,指出并分析越语成语和汉语成语的不同及其语言文化成因,提出与越汉成语教学和越-汉成语翻译相关之建议。实践研究目标为帮助越南学生在汉语学习和使用过程中更加容易地、准确地将越语成语翻译成汉语成语或直接使用汉语成语。理论研究目标为通过越汉成语对比来进一步完善越语成语体系以及成语对比方法理论框架。至于研究方法,我们采用结合描写、翻译对照、分析统计等手段的对比方法,对照分析越汉两种语言在同一时期相对应的成语单位,基本上按照对比研究的五个步骤来进行：1.确定对比范围：4715条越语成语和汉译之后所得到的1760条相应的汉语成语。2.文献搜集与研究：包括与越汉语成语相关的材料和前人所做过的成语对比研究等两部分。3.搜集语言材料：因为目前未有越-汉成语词典,所以我们要将4715条越语成语翻译成汉语,以此材料库为本研究的语言材料。4.分析对比：分析成语结构形式、内容意义以及文化蕴涵等方面。5.归纳总结：阐述对比研究的成果,讨论其理论和实践意义。先将越语成语译成汉语,再再在语言形式和文化内涵两方面上进行对比,我们已获得下列结果：1.越语成语中目前仍有301条完全借用于汉语的汉源成语,给越汉语翻译者和学习者带来极大的方便。比如：bac co thong kim/博古通今、danh chinh ngon thuan/名正言顺等。2.利用汉语言或中国文化因素创造出来的汉源成语有245条,译回汉语时要特别留意。比如：cua Khong san Trinh(孔子的大门,程颐的院子)/庠序之地、da nghi Tao Thao(像曹操一样多疑)/生性多疑等。3.虽然以四个音节为外壳形式的越语成语数量大(71%),但是在比率上没有汉语成语明显(98.6%)。这一点让我们能够理解：为何越语成语专家很少提到成语的音节数量。4.四字格式是最富于节奏感(音乐性)的结构,表现在声、韵、调等各个方面。虽然重言、双声、叠韵等现象在越汉成语中均为普遍,但是具体表现大同小异。比如,若把四字格成语定为ABCD,越语成语中99%的重言成语是ABAD,而且完全没有汉语成语的AABB(风风雨雨)形式等。5.按照语义结构,越语成语可分为对称式的暗喻成语、非对称式的暗喻成语和明喻成语三大类。汉语成语没有如此的分类方法,反而是在语法结构上分得很细。借用汉语成语之山石回攻越语成语系统,我们发现一部分似是而非的成语单位。6.多半有典故来源的汉语成语本身具备书面性。相对而言,产生于老百姓日常语言生活之中的越语成语,其口语色彩相当浓厚。4715条越语成语之中有668条异体成语,同义成语仅有110条。7.作为文化的一面镜子,成语明显地反映着越中两国的自然环境和社会生活。比如,越南属热带季风气候,海岸线长河流多,动植物种类极为丰富。越南人既纯朴忠厚又乐观幽默,精神生活深受佛教的影响。最后,我们将上述研究结果运用到越语成语理论研究、越-汉语成语翻译,特别是针对越南学生的成语教学等领域中。越南目前已开设中文系或汉语专业的高校共40多所,来华的越南留学生数量每年约7000人而且会越来越多。相信本研究能为这些成千上万的汉语学习者创造有利的条件!更多还原

【Abstract】 Idioms are a linguistic-cultural unit that is different from not only the words, dictums, mottos, but also the common sayings, proverbs, idiomatic phrases and Chinese folk wisecracks (CFW). The definition of idioms can be traced back to Mr. Zhou Zumo’s An Introduction of Chinese Idioms in 1954. According to this book, idioms are the defined phrases or short sentences that are used by the common people in series of years, most of which are inherited as a complete semantic unit from the language used in the ancient literature. The structure of the idioms are mostly fixed, which are usually four Chinese characters. Idioms are well-established and are accepted through common practices in a long period of time. Nowadays, with people’s progressive understandings of idioms, the research field of idioms is constantly enlarged. The studies of idioms can be divided into holistic study, phonetic study, structural study, semantic study, etymological study, applied study, cultural study, comparative study of idioms and other sayings, specialized idiomatic study and comparative idiomatic study in different languages. Among all these kinds of studies, the number of comparative idiomatic study in two or even more languages is quite few. Therefore, this essay will patch up this point.This research is a detailed application of comparative linguistics. It will translate more that 4000 Vietnamese idioms into Chinese accurately; point out the linguistic-cultural reasons of the differences between Vietnamese and Chinese idioms; also make some relevant proposals about the teaching of Vietnamese and Chinese idioms and the translation of idioms in these two languages. The practical purpose of this research is to make it easier and more accurate for the Vietnamese students to translate Vietnamese idioms into Chinese or even use Chinese idioms directly during their Chinese learning and application process. The theoretical purpose of this research is to further improve the Vietnamese idiomatic system and the idiomatic theoretical frame of comparative study by the comparison between Vietnamese and Chinese idioms. As for the research method, we use the comparative method of combination and description, translation and comparison, and analysis and statistics, explore the corresponding idiomatic unit of Vietnamese and Chinese used in the same period of the time. The research is generally following the next five steps in the comparative study.1. Determining the comparative scope:There are 4715 Vietnamese idioms that are translated into 1760 Chinese idioms correspondingly. 2. Collecting and researching of the documents:This step includes two parts. One is the relevant materials concerned about both Vietnamese and Chinese idioms; the other part is the previous comparative studies of idioms conducted by predecessors.3. Collecting the language material:Due to the present situation that we haven’t any Vietnamese-Chinese idiomatic dictionaries, we have to translate 4715 Vietnamese idioms into Chinese on by one, as the studying corpus of this research.4. Analyzing and comparing:In this part, we will analyze the idiomatic structure, the content meaning and the cultural implications.5. Concluding and summarizing:The last part will be the one that states the research findings of this comparative study, and also discusses about its theoretical and practical meaning.By comparing the original Vietnamese idioms with the translated Chinese version in aspect of language form and cultural implications, we have reached the conclusions as follows.1. There are 301 Vietnamese idioms that are completely borrowed from Chinese, which is a great convenience for the Vietnamese-Chinese translators and also the language learners. For example:bac co thong kim/博古通今(means having both ancient and modern learning); danh chinh ngon thuan/名正言顺(means being perfectly justifiable).2. There are 245 Vietnamese idioms that are created either by using Chinese or using Chinese cultural elements, thus special attention is needed to pay when we translate them back into Chinese. For example:cua Khong sdn Trinh(孔子的大门，程颐的院子)/庠序之地(means local schools in ancient times); da nghi Tao Thao(像曹操一样多疑)/生性多疑(used to describe a person who has a suspicious nature). In this category, idioms must be translated according to their potential meaning rather than the literal meaning.3. There are 71% Vietnamese idioms that have 4 syllables, which is quite a large number. But it’s still less than the ones in Chinese, which has reached 98.6%. That’s why professionals who study Vietnamese idioms seldom mention the syllables in idioms.4. The four-character pattern is the structure that has the strongest rhythm, which is reflected in aspects such as sound, prosody and intonation. The phenomena like tautology, polysyllable and double-prosody are all very common in Vietnamese and Chinese idioms, but they have different expressions. For example, if the four-character idiomatic pattern is ABCD, you can find 99% Vietnamese tautological idioms have the pattern of ABAD, while there is no such situation as AABB, which is used in Chinese, like风风雨雨(used to express various kinds of difficulties and sufferings).5. According to the semantic structure, Vietnamese idioms can be further divided into three categories. They are the symmetrical and unsymmetrical metaphorical idioms and also the idioms that use simile. There’s no such classification in Chinese idioms, rather the grammatical structure is divided in detail. We can also find some paradoxical idiomatic units.6. Chinese idioms with literary quotations are mostly quite formal. Comparatively, Vietnamese idioms are formed in common people’s daily lives, thus they are usually informal. There are 668 heterogeneous idioms in the 4715 units of the Vietnamese idioms, while idioms with the same meaning take the amount of only 110.7. As a mirror of the culture, idioms reflect clearly both the natural environment and social life among Chinese and Vietnamese. Vietnam belongs to the tropical monsoon climate and it has a long coastline and many rivers. Also the fauna and flora there are various in kind. On one hand, the Vietnamese are pure and honest; on the other hand, they are also optimistic and humorous. The cultural life of them is deeply influenced by Buddhism.As a conclusion, we will apply all these research findings in the theoretical research of Vietnamese idioms and the translation between Vietnamese and Chinese idioms, especially in the fields such as the teaching of idioms to those Vietnamese students. Nowadays, there are more than 40 institutions of higher education have Chinese department or Chinese majors. In the meanwhile, over 7000 Vietnamese students come to China for further study every year and this number is bounded to grow. We believe that this research will provide a favorable condition for those hundreds of thousands Chinese learners.更多还原