【作者】 范明静；

【导师】 陈晓芬；

【作者基本信息】 华东师范大学 ， 中国古代文学， 2011， 博士

【摘要】 大历、贞元时期是唐代散文成就斐然、写作意识趋于成熟、人才辈出、创作兴盛的时期,是唐代散文发展开始发生转折的历史时期,也是古文运动先驱和中坚人物共存的历史时期。研究这一时期的文坛,恰能从一个角度比较完整地反映出唐代文学的全貌。本文从时段研究的角度对大历、贞元时期的散文发展状况予以重新审视,希图观照到以往因视角单一而疏漏的诸多文学现象,以期更客观全面地展示该时段文坛的风貌特点,这对更好地认识古文运动不无益处,也有助于唐代散文研究的深入。全文包括绪论、正文和结语三个部分,绪论阐述本论题的研究意义、研究现状及研究思路和方法。正文共分四章,各章基本内容如下：第一章讨论大历、贞元文坛文士群体的构成状况及文士群体的文学活动,勾勒此时文坛的基本面貌。就群体构成而言,大历、贞元文坛由三批文士构成,第一批为大历以前入仕,经历战乱存留至大历的文士；第二批为大历时期入仕,贞元时期创作达到鼎盛的文士；第三批为贞元时期入仕,在这一时期开始崭露头角的文士。就文学活动而言,大历、贞元时期的官职设置、入幕风气,选举制度、师友相交的社会风尚是影响和形成文士群体文学活动的主要因素,在这些因素影响下,此时文坛形成了多种文体创作兴盛、新旧文体杂陈的局面。从文士群体的构成和文学活动的状况来看,大历、贞元文坛具有明显的过渡期文坛的特征。第二章从文士人格价值观念的变迁这一角度探讨大历、贞元文坛的过渡期特征。大历、贞元时期文士政治地位的提高和学术风气的转变成为文士人格价值观念转变的政治和思想根源,文士的人格价值理想发生了从“帝王师”到“圣贤”的转变。他们在政治上由浪漫变为务实,文学、政事合一成为衡量文士品格的新的价值标准；从早期的重视事功转向重视主体道德修养,并推之于政治实践；出处之道由“趁时而起,功成身退”到“达则行道,穷则传道”的转变,则标志着文士人格价值观念转变的最后完成。与人格价值观念转变的格局一致,大历、贞元文士的文章价值观念呈现出“文为时所用”和“文以明道”两种倾向。人格价值观念的转变导致了文章价值观念的转变,成为推动这一时期文章写作发生变化的主导力量。第三章在前章基础上,进一步探讨这一时期文士的文章观念。文士文章价值观念的转变带动此时文士对文章产生了一系列思考,主要包括复古观、文道观、文气论和风格论四个方面。这些思考仍然是在初盛唐文士提供的理论框架内进行的,在内涵上既有对传统意识的继承,也有应对现实作出的调整。其总的倾向是：文士的主体意识日益强化,由此引发了文章创作和审美观念发生新变。第四章从大历、贞元三代文士中选取独孤及、梁肃、权德舆、陆贽和李翱等五位具有代表性的作者进行个案分析,一方面藉此看到此时的文学思想在创作上的反映以及文风发展的趋势,另一方面也是对此时散文创作状况的客观展示与创作水平的客观评价。五位作者的文章观念与创作充满了丰富性和矛盾性、创造性和局限性,正是这一过渡时期文坛创作水平的真实呈现。他们的创作也使我们认识到,此时散文创作发生的比“由骈解散”更为本质的变化是：作者基于学养形成的主体精神在提升,与之相应的是艺术创造力的增强,文章的个性化表达已经成为新的时代趋势。结语部分总结全文,指出就文学与政治的关系而言,散文与社会政治的特殊联系是其他任何一种文体不可及的,大历、贞元文坛过渡性特征的形成就证明了这一点；大历、贞元文坛的过渡性体现为丰富性、多元性和矛盾性；对散文发展而言,大历、贞元时期文章观念与创作的变化带来的最为宝贵的启示是,随着文士人格价值观念的转变,文士对自身独特作用的认识越来越强烈,文章逐渐与文士对个体功名的追求相脱离,成为文士独立人格价值的直接呈现,这是散文发展过程中一个关键性的转变,对后代散文创作影响至为深远。更多还原

【Abstract】 The Dali and Zhenyuan period of Tang Dynasty witnessed a flourishing of prose writing, as evidenced by mature authorship, emergence of many famous writers, and large output of prose. Present at this period which marked the transitioning of prose writing in Tang dynasty, were both forerunners of ancient literature writing movement and the major authors of the period. Thus a study of the authors at this period offers a panoramic view of the literature circles in Tang Dynasty. This paper intends to more completely present the major characteristics of the prose and authors at the Tang Dynasty, by focusing on the development of prose writing during the period of Dali and Zhenyuan, in the hope of covering the various aspects which usually got overlooked by narrow-angle researches. It is the author’s opinion that this approach contributes to better understanding of ancient literature of China and will also be instrumental in deepening the research on Tang Dynasty prose.The dissertation consists of four chapters.Chapter I is devoted to painting an overall picture of the literature circles of the Dali and Zhengyuan period by first discussing their general makeup, the major activities and the overall social background. Generally speaking, writers at the researched period fell in three clusters, first cluster consisting of people who became officials before Dali and survived the social disturbance, second cluster consisting of people who became officials during Dali period and achieved their writing apex at the Zhenyuan period, the third cluster consisting of people who became officials at Zhenyuan period and whose writings survived till today. The creative activities of these people were affected by a number of factors, such as deployment and appointment of official positions, the tendency for intellectuals to work for senior officials at the time, official selection mechanism, the prevalence of networking among tutors and students, etc. As a result, different writing styles were recorded during the period, which reflects either old times or the times unfolding. The makeup of the writers and their creative activities show that Dali and Zhenyuan period is a transitioning period in terms of prose writing.ChapterⅡaims at further elaborating on the transitioning characteristics of the Dali and Zhenyuan period by focusing on the change in the values and personalities of the intellectuals at the time. The author is of the opinion that the driving factors behind the changes are the elevation of intellectuals’social status and shift academic atmosphere. On their part, intellectuals went through a change of their personality aspirations from becoming a tutor to the kings to a saint, their political pursuit shifting from being romantic to being more pragmatic, resulting in the building of a new value system that embraces the combination of both literature pursuit and officialdom. In addition, the intellectuals then also migrated from a focus on academic progress to morality, which was translated into their political activities. The change in their values and personalities was finalized by the reorientation in the strategy guiding their life aspirations from "waiting patiently for the right timing to enter political circles, and retiring at the accomplishment of their political goals" to "either executing your political ideals when you hold the office, or promoting your political ideals when you don’t". Alongside the change in intellectuals’values and personalities, prose authored in the said period displayed two general characteristics, namely, a prose should be useful for the time being, a prose should promote political ideals. The change in the general characteristics of prose at the time was mainly driven by changes in intellectuals’values and personality.Chapter III further elaborated on the ideas in the prose authored at this period. Prose in this period reflected their writers’thoughts in four areas:reversion to the old times, embrace of "Tao", essence of prose, style of prose. These thoughts, operating within the theoretical boundaries provided for intellectuals at early and mid Tang Dynasty, reflected both inheritances of legacy ideas as well as adjustment to realities. Overall, it testified to the elevation of self-awareness of intellectuals at the time, which resulted in the changes in their prose as well as their aesthetic ideas.Chapter IV presented case studies on five writers of the period, respectively, Dugu Ji, Liang Su, Quan Deyu, Lu Zhi and Li Ao. These case studies aim to shed light on the changing ideas’impact on prose in the period as well as the trend in the style development, and also to provide an objective assessment of the prose. Prose written by the five writers was known for their richness, paradox, creativeness and narrowness. Combined, their prose exposed the main thread of the changing style of the time period. The change, much more than represented by the shift from Pian Wen to prose in writing style, is an evidence of the embrace of individualistic expression driven by elevated self-awareness and supported by an increase in the ability of artistic expression.In the conclusion, the author pinpointed the special connection with politics enjoyed by prose, which is unique among all the different styles of writings, and such specialness was vividly demonstrated by the transitioning character of the Dali and Zhenyuan Literature Circles, known for its richness, variegatedness and paradox. As far as prose is concerned, this period revealed that as the value and personality of intellectuals change, intellectuals had displayed strong sense of self-awareness, their prose becoming more detached from their pursuit of political career and reflecting more directly their values and personality. This marked an important change in the development of prose and casted a long shadow over following generations till Song Dynasty.更多还原