【作者】 谢白羽；

【导师】 齐沪扬；

【作者基本信息】 华东师范大学 ， 汉语言文字学， 2011， 博士

【摘要】 比较是人类基本的思维方式之一。近年来有关比较句研究的论文及专著层出不穷,不过这些研究成果并不能完全满足教学的需要。主要表现在以下几个方面：(1)理论语法多局限于对单一句式的研究,对比较句间的差异描写不够；(2)将理论语法转化为教学语法的工作做得不够。教学语法与理论语法是相辅相成的,教学语法可以为理论语法提供新的课题,理论语法也可以为教学语法提供所需的营养。本文在已有比较句本体研究的基础上,从教学出发,针对第二语言学习者偏误集中的问题,运用各种语言理论和方法,从几个不同的方面对比较句的相关问题进行深入的研究,主要包括比较句的语序类型、比较句的不对称特征、比较句的量性特征、比较句的否定特征以及比较句的主观性特征。绪论部分简要介绍了研究目的、方法、范围和语料来源。第一章首先作了比较句本体研究和比较句教学研究方面的文献综述,然后在对学习者“比”字句偏误的定量统计分类的基础上,总结出学习者学习的难点和重点,从而确立本文研究的重点。第二章从语言类型学的角度,探讨了汉语比较句的语序特点。指出汉语两种句法性差比格式“X+J+于+Y”和“X+比+Y+J”虽然来源不同,但都体现出时间顺序原则。“X+比+Y+J”中“比”词的位置所表现出的类型学差异在于它仍处于语法化的过程中。除了句法性差比句外,汉语中还存在着很多非句法性比较形式,这些形式是对句法性差比句功能的补充。与人类认知规律相一致的“X+比+Y+J”序列的语序习得难度低,会被泛化使用。第三章主要针对比较句结构不对称的问题,探讨了比较点的隐现和“N12的N”的替代规律。对比较点的概念进行了新的界定,并从易于理解和操作的角度,对“N2的N”的替代规律进行了总结。还对“比”字句的基本结构类型和基本语义类型进行了整理。第四章探讨比较句结论项部分的量性表现。比较句的句式义对结论项部分的量性要求,使结论项的形式表现出特殊性,这些特殊性正是学习者习得的难点。本章节对充当结论项的不同结构进行了细致的描写、说明和对比分析,比如“形容词+多了”、“形容词+得+多”、“形容词+很多”三种形式。第五章结合语法化过程,讨论“不比”句、“没有”句和“不如”句的句法、语义和语用特点,并明确了这些句式在比较句系统中的地位。第六章讨论比较句的主观性特征。一是对比较句中的情态动词的位置及语义进行考察,二是讨论“比”字句中趋向动词的主观性意义,三是对比较句结论项部分出现的主观标记“还”、“要”和“也”的主观性意义进行说明。第七章在前几章研究的基础上,结合前人已有习得研究成果,对比较句语法项目的排序进行了调整,并对三本教材进行了考察,分析优点和不足,还提出了将“构式-语块”教学法运用于比较句教学的构想。结语部分对全文作了简要总结,并指出了本文尚存的问题与不足。更多还原

【Abstract】 Comparison is one of the basic thinking ways of human-beings. The research works and articles on comparative sentence have come out endlessly in recently years. However they failed to satisfy the needs of teaching in the following aspects. One is that theoretical grammars tend to be limited to the study of single sentence, lacking sufficient descriptions between different kinds of comparative sentence. The other is that there isn’t much work of turning theoretical grammars into teaching ones.Teaching grammars and theoretical ones are complementary to each other. Teaching grammars can pose new questions for theoretical ones; And theoretical grammars can also be of great help to teaching ones. Based on the typical errors made by second language learners in their study, we attempts to combine variety of linguistic theories and methods to make in-depth study on relevant questions of comparative sentence from different ways, which mainly include the typology on the word order of comparative sentence, the asymmetry feature of comparative sentence, the quantitative feature of comparative sentence, the negation feature of comparative sentence, and the subjectivity feature of comparative sentence as well.The introduction is mainly about research objective, method, scope and source of materials.Chapter 1 gives a brief summary of research works on study of comparative sentence and its teaching. Then based on the quantitative analysis of errors made by learners when they use "比" structure, we conclude the difficult and focal points for learners, and therefore define the focus of this paper.Chapter 2 discusses the word order of comparative sentence from the perspective of typology. We point out that although the structure "X+J+于+Y" and "X+比+Y+J" originated differently, they both show the principle of time order. The typological difference reflected by position of Bi in structure "X+比+Y+J" lies in its process of grammaticalization. Besides the syntactic comparative sentence, there are lots of non-syntactic comparative sentences in Chinese, which are supplementary in functions of syntactic comparative sentence. Being identical to the cognitive rules of human-beings, the structure "X+比+Y+J" will be much easier to learn and thus more widely used.Chapter 3 aims to the asymmetry problem of comparative sentence. We make a new definition of comparative point and give a summary of substitution rule of "N2的N" structure. We also sort out the basic structural and semantic types of comparative sentence.Chapter 4 discusses the quantitative feature of conclusion item of comparative sentence. The representative specialties of conclusion items are the right difficulty for learners. We make a detailed description, explanation and comparative analysis about different structures working as conclusion items, such as "adj.+多了", "adj.+得+多", "adj.+很多".Chapter 5 talks about the syntactic, semantic and pragmatic characteristics of "不比" sentence, "没有" sentence and "不如" sentence from the point of grammaticalization. We make a definite position of these kinds of sentence in the system of comparative sentence.Chapter 6 argues the subjectivity feature of comparative sentence. The first part works on the position and semantic meaning of modal verbs in comparative sentence; The second part talks about the subjective meaning of directional verb. The third part explains the subjective meaning of such signs as "还", "要", "也" in conclusion items.Chapter 7 is to arrange the order of grammatical items in comparative sentence by reference of current research works. We also observe three textbooks we use in our teaching, analyzing their strong points and weak points respectively. We last put forward our thought about introducing Construction-Chunk method into the teaching of comparative sentence.The conclusion makes a brief summary of the whole thesis, and meanwhile points out the prublems and defects that need improving in this paper.更多还原