【作者】 赵建吉；

【导师】 曾刚；

【作者基本信息】 华东师范大学 ， 人文地理学， 2011， 博士

【摘要】 世界发达国家(地区)区域发展的实践表明,地方企业网络已经成为实现区域经济发展的动力源泉和载体,因而受到一大批包括经济地理学家在内的多专业领域学者的广泛关注。20世纪90年代以来,随着经济全球化的快速推进以及知识经济的发展,土地、资本、劳动力等支撑地方企业网络形成和发展的传统要素的作用逐渐弱化,技术要素取而代之,成为影响企业网络发展和演化的重要因素。在此背景下,本文拟以全球技术网络为切入点,研究全球技术网络对于后发工业化国家地方企业网络演化以及升级的影响,为经济地理学的理论创新和指导区域经济发展规划服务。论文以导师主持的教育部人文社科基金项目“网络权力与企业空间行为、企业创新”、国家自然科学基金项目“社会文化环境差异对上海地区中德企业网络构建的影响”、上海市经济和信息化委员会“十二五”产业规划重大课题“大浦东地区产业发展思路及布局研究”、上海市科技发展基金软科学研究重点项目“上海张江高新区产业布局规划研究”等课题为支撑,对上海张江高科技园区处于产业链不同环节的集成电路企业,上海市经信委、上海市发展改革委、浦东新区发展改革委、张江高科技园区产业研究室等政府部门以及上海市、浦东新区集成电路行业协会进行了20多次的访谈和调研。特别是和国外学者建立了友好的联系,与德国Justus Liebig University Giessen的经济地理学教授Prof.Dr.Ingo Liefner,国际知名经济地理学家、加拿大Toranto University经济地理学教授Prof. Dr. Harald Bathelt等国外同行多次交流学术研究心得,获取了较多国外最新的研究成果,这些为本文的顺利完成奠定了扎实的基础。通过对国内外相关文献的分析,笔者发现,在企业网络的相关研究中,学者们已经普遍关注到技术已经成为影响企业网络发展的重要因素,技术水平的差异决定了企业在地方企业网络中的地位,进而影响到企业网络的全球、地方竞争能力。但是,研究成果偏重于企业网络对于技术创新绩效、技术扩散的作用与影响,而从技术的视角探讨企业网络发展与演化的成果不多。近年来,有学者从网络权力、技术权力的视角探讨了企业网络的发展和演化。但在经济全球化背景下,跨国公司将愈来愈多的技术活动纳入到企业间国际技术网络之中。因而有必要从全球技术网络的视角探讨企业网络的演化,但是这方面的研究却被忽视了。此外,企业网络并不是是固定不变的,而是经历着初创到成熟的过程。现有企业网络的研究主要集中在网络的静态性质方面,对网络的动态变化方面研究较少。技术是影响企业网络演化的重要因素,技术的空间移动对于企业网络的发展及演化有着重要影响,是值得探讨的问题。论文在对现有技术扩散和技术学习等相关领域研究成果进行系统回顾和总结的基础上,界定了全球技术网络的概念、内涵,并对全球技术网络形成的背景与基础、形成机制、影响因子、作用方式进行了系统深入的讨论。在实地调研的基础上,对全球技术网络作用下的上海张江集成电路地方企业网络的发展历程、演化路径进行了深入分析,得出以下几点结论：第一,全球技术网络是知识经济时代地方企业网络演化的重要力量。全球技术网络是指企业间及企业与其他行为主体(供应商、用户、同行竞争者、大学、科研机构、中介机构、政府部门等)乃至外部企业和相关机构在技术扩散和技术学习过程中形成的彼此信任的、正式或非正式的、动态关系的集合。网络内主体活动为企业间或企业与相关主体间进行的正式或非正式的相互学习、技术或经验的交流活动。网络资源为企业发展相关的所有隐性和显性技术知识。从空间尺度上讲,全球技术网络由全球技术中心及其对应的高技术势能企业、区域技术中心及其对应的中技术势能企业、地方技术低地及其对应的低技术势能企业以及这些企业之间的技术联系构成。贸易自由化是全球技术网络形成的强大驱动力；信息技术的发展为全球技术网络的形成奠定了坚实基础；跨国公司是全球技术网络形成的核心载体。以经济地理学的视角来看,地方企业网络技术扩散、技术学习的来源,不应局限于所在区域,而应该在全球范围内获取技术溢出与扩散。通过开展技术学习活动,提升技术能力。另外,关系临近也是隐性技术知识进行传播与扩散的一种手段媒介,特别是基于关系临近的实践社区/技术社区,能够实现隐性技术知识的远距离、跨区域/国界的传播,从而促使全球技术网络的形成。值得一提的是,技术扩散与技术溢出是全球技术网络中技术流动的主要方式；技术学习与创新是全球技术网络中技术区位演变的重要途径；跨国技术社区是全球技术网络的重要技术通道。第二,全球技术网络影响企业空间行为和创新能力,进而影响地方企业网络的演化。在地方企业网络组建期,全球技术网络的空间影响起主导作用。领先公司的技术扩散/溢出能够增加企业的知识积累和新知识创造。获取技术溢出效应是企业策略性选址或区位选择的重要影响因素,由此导致了大量中小企业在某地的空间集聚。在网络成长期,全球技术网络的技术扩散/溢出依然吸引企业的空间集聚,特别是跨国公司研发机构以及大学、科研院所的入驻。在创新方面,全球技术网络中的技术领先企业为了加速实现网络的本地化根植,将会提供多种形式的技术输出,目的在于使更多的企业有能力成为技术领先企业的配套商,实现网络内部的专业化分工。在网络发展期,全球技术网络的创新影响起主导作用,全球技术网络中先进技术首先转移到地方企业网络中的技术守门员,其进行消化吸收后,转化为地方企业网络内共同的隐性技术知识,实现了网络整体技术水平的提升。从技术进步及流动的视角看,地方企业网络经历了“全球技术网络技术推入—技术守门员消化吸收—技术溢出扩散一地方企业网络整体技术水平提升—吸收能力增强—技术守门员引进更先进技术”的技术能力不断提升的循环。第三,全球技术网络在张江IC企业网络演化中发挥重要作用。张江IC地方企业网络的技术发展历程为：技术引进—技术合作—技术创新。在网络组建期,全球技术网络的技术扩散/溢出促进了地方企业网络的形成。“中芯国际”通过外资的技术溢出和扩散,获得了先进技术,逐渐发展壮大,进而带动了张江高科技园区上下游企业的空间集聚。在网络的成长期,全球技术领先企业(研发机构)通过与地方企业网络内各类公共服务平台在技术研发、技术转移和扩散、人员培训等方面的合作,有效地促进了企业网络的发展。IMEC与上海集成电路研发中心联合进行技术研发,并将研发成果成功转移到上海华虹NEC生产线。在地方企业网络的发展期,跨国技术社区加速了地方企业网络内的创新。“展讯通信”的成功表明,“硅谷群”核心研发团队、“硅谷—大陆”双向互动的运作模式、强化与硅谷的技术联系是其获得成功的关键。同时,全球技术网络中,技术领先国家(地区)的技术控制,在一定程度上也阻碍张江IC地方企业网络的功能升级。更多还原

【Abstract】 The practice of regional development in developed countries has proved that a well-developed enterprise networks is a driving force for regional development. And thus a large number of scholars from various professional fields including economic geographers fix their attention on this study. Since 1990s, with globalization and development of knowledge-based economy, the importance of traditional network resources such as labor, capital and land has being weakened gradually. However, technology will become the important element on influencing the evolvement and development of the enterprises. In this context, this paper takes a perspective of global technology network, aiming to study its impact to the evolution and upgrading in the enterprise networks. Furthermore, it can service for the theory innovation of economic geography and guide the healthy development of regional economy.Through the analysis over literatures of home and abroad, this paper found that in the related research on enterprise networks, scholars have generally concerned about that technology has become an important factor in the development of enterprise networks. The technological level of a firm determined its status in the regional enterprise networks, as well as the global and regional competitiveness. However, the study focused on how enterprise networks impact the technological innovation performance and the technology diffusion. On the other hand, there has been very little research analysis on how technical impact the evolution of enterprise networks. In recent years, many scholars studied the development and evolution of enterprise networks from the perspective of network power and technological power. In the context of globalization, more and more multinational companies take their technical activities into an international technology network. So it is worth studying the evolution of enterprise networks from the perspective of global technology network. But researches in this area have been neglected. In addition, there are many static researches but little dynamic research on the enterprise networks. Technology is the very important factor which impacts the evolution of enterprise networks, how the spatial mobility of technology impact the evolution of enterprise networks is worth exploring.This paper reviewed and summarized the existing researches on enterprise networks. Based on the forefront of economic geography such as technology diffusion, technology learning, this paper put forward the concept of global technology network, discussed the background and basic foundation, formation mechanism, influencing factors, action model on enterprise networks. Based on a large number of field surveys in the Shanghai Zhangjiang IC enterprise networks, the author analyzed how global technology network impact on its development process, evolutionary path, mechanism. This paper got some new findings as well: Firstly, the global technology network is the important evolutionary force to the evolutionary of the regional enterprise networks. Global technology network is a set of mutual trust, formal or informal, dynamic relationships between enterprises and other members (including suppliers, users, peer competitors, universities, research institutions, intermediaries, government, etc.) as well as external firms and related institutions. The relationships are formatted in the process of technology diffusion and technology learning. Network activities are activities of formal or informal mutual learning, technology and experience exchanging between firms or between firms and other actors existed in the network. Network resources are related technical knowledge including implicit and explicit technical knowledge. From the perspective of spatial scale, global technology network including the global technology center and the corresponding firms which has high technology potential energy, and regional technical centers and the corresponding firms which have middle technology potential energy as well as the lowland technical centers and the corresponding firms which have low-lying technology potential energy.Trade liberalization is an import driving force. Information technology provides a solid foundation, and multinational companies are the core carrier to the formation of the global technology networks. From the perspective of economic geography, the technology diffusion and technology learning in the enterprise networks should not be limited in the region, but should catch the global technology spillovers and diffusion all around the world, and enhance the technical capabilities through the technological learning. In addition, not only geographical proximity but also relational proximity can be as a means of explicit technical knowledge spread and diffusion, especially the practice communities/technology communities based on the relational proximity, can achieve the explicit technical knowledge spread and diffusion of long-range, cross-regional/national boundaries. Based on the above two points, the global technology network was formed. Global technology network has two main activities, technology diffusion and spillover is the main way of technology flow, technology learning and innovation is an important means of the evolution of technology location in the global technology network.Secondly, the global technology network affects the spatial behavior and innovation, thereby affecting the evolution of the regional enterprise networks. In the formation period of the regional enterprise networks, spatial impact played a leading role. Technology diffusion/spillover can increase the firm’s knowledge accumulation and creation of new knowledge, it is an important chance to improve their innovation capability, as well as improve the competitive advantage. Technology diffusion/ spillover have become the important factor which influences the location choice of a firm. In order to catch the technology diffusion/spillover, firms tend to gather in one place. In the growing period of the regional enterprise networks, technology diffusion /spillover which lead to firms’spatial concentration are still attractive, especially lots of company’s R & D institutions, universities, research institutes’entering into. In the aspect of innovation, in order to accelerate the localization of the enterprise networks, the leader firm in the global technology network will provide various forms of technology diffusion/spillover; aiming to enable more firms have the ability to become a supporter to the leader firm, to achieve specialization within the network. In the developing period of the regional enterprise networks, innovative impact played a leading role.In the first place, advanced technology from the global technology network will be transferred to the technological goalkeeper in regional enterprise networks, after the digestion and absorption, these technologies has become the common recessive technical knowledge in regional enterprise networks, rising the technological level of the network. Formed a cycle in which the technical capacity improvement continuously, pushing advanced technology by global technology network-digestion and absorption of technology goalkeeper-technology spillovers and diffusion-rising the technological level of the network-enhancing absorptive capacity-pushing more advanced technology.Thirdly, Global technology network played an important role in evolution of Zhangjiang IC enterprise networks. The process of technology development in Zhangjiang IC enterprise networks is the introduction of technology-technology cooperation-technology innovation, In the construction period of the regional enterprise networks, technology diffusion/spillover of the global technology network promoted the formation of the regional enterprise networks. SMIC got the advanced technology from the technology diffusion/spillover of leader firms in the global technology network. Thus it led to the agglomeration of upstream and downstream firms in Zhangjiang Park. In the growing period, global technology leader firms(R & D institutions) connected the various public service platforms in the regional enterprise networks through joint technology research and development, technology transfer and diffusion, personnel training, etc., promoted the development of enterprise networks effectively, In the developing period of the regional enterprise networks, the transnational technical community accelerated the innovation within the regional enterprise networks. The case of Spreadtrum shows that R & D team which from Silicon Valley, interactive mode between Silicon Valley and mainland, and strengthen technology links with Silicon Valley have been the key to its success. Meanwhile, technical controls from the technology leader firms or countries, to some extent, hinder the functional upgrading in Zhangjiang IC enterprise networks.更多还原