【作者】 马俊；

【导师】 荣朝和；

【作者基本信息】 北京交通大学 ， 产业经济学， 2011， 博士

【摘要】 交通网络是指由彼此协作、相互补充与紧密配合的单种或多种运输方式的交通线路、以及各类节点共同组成,并以交通线路为连接线,各类节点为连接点,而且还具有一定的组合结构与等级层次、可进行直达运输或联合运输的实体网络。交通网络是人们克服空间距离障碍、开展经济活动的物质载体,交通网络的发展状况对于经济发展具有举足轻重的影响。如何科学、合理地规划和建设交通网络已经成为促进社会经济健康、有序发展的基本要求和前提条件。长期内交通网络供给和社会运输需求之间如何适应与协调的问题,其实质就是如何在社会经济发展的长期过程中使交通网络实现适地、适时、适量以及适度的布局和建设。因此,解决问题的关键就在于从理论上回答以下基本问题,即“交通网络为何以及如何演进?”交通网络演进是一种空间经济活动,是内生于整个社会的分工和专业化体系的。论文运用运输经济学相关理论和分工理论对交通网络演进的内涵和内在机制进行了理论分析,并在此基础上对美国、中国的交通网络演进过程及其内在演进机制进行了实证研究。总体而言,论文的主要内容和结论基本包括以下几个部分。第一,通过对相关研究成果的回顾,论文发现在相关研究中交通网络和社会运输需求都分别是作为外生条件存在的,从而割裂了二者之间的内在联系。因此,在考虑空间因素的情况下放松上述研究中的假设条件,将有助于进一步解释交通网络供给与社会运输需求之间的内在作用机制,并使其更加符合客观实际。第二,通过对交通网络相关特性的分析,论文构建了交通网络演进的一般过程并对其重要特征、影响因素和空间模式等进行了较为系统的分析和总结,从而基本上反映出了交通网络演进的动态过程和变化趋势。第三,论文对交通网络演进的内涵进行了分析和界定,认为交通网络演进的内涵就是指交通网络演进中将规模经济内在化为其自身网络经济的累积发展过程。在此基础上,建立了对于交通网络供给与社会运输需求之间内在作用机制的解释框架,即交通网络供给(运输成本与空间可达性)、城市体系、专业化分工、规模经济之间的相互作用机制。对于交通网络演进而言,它是分工和专业化过程中经济发展与交通网络供给之间的相互需求过程。交通网络的演进通过降低运输成本提高了人们克服地域空间障碍的能力,从而促进了城市体系的完善和市场范围的扩张,并由此使得专业化分工水平得以不断提升,导致规模报酬递增(更为一般的规模经济),进而推动交通网络的继续演进。可见,交通网络演进处于这个循环累积的正反馈过程。此外,上述解释框架也包含着交通格局转变的内在机制。第四,论文以美国为例,通过分析、总结美国建国以来不同历史时期交通网络的演进过程和特征,进而论证了近代以来美国的工业化、城市化、运输化在时空发展上的累积因果特性,即美国交通网络的演进机制是显著基于交通网络供给、城市体系、专业化分工、规模经济之间的相互作用。第五,论文以我国交通网络的演进历程以及我国经济空间结构的历史变化作为研究对象,分别从古代、近代和现代三个时间段对我国交通网络演进的特征、交通网络与城市以及城市体系发展等之间的关系、分工深化与主导运输方式转换之间的关系等内容进行了较为详尽的分析和总结。由此,不仅充分验证了论文提出的解释框架,而且还进一步丰富了对于我国交通网络演进过程及其内在机制所具特征和趋势的认识。第六,针对我国交通网络未来的发展趋势及其当前面临的若干主要问题,论文提出了相应的政策建议。更多还原

【Abstract】 Transport network is a physical network that has collaborative, complementary and coordinative transport routes, all kinds of node, it also has a certain combination of structure and hierarchy for directly or jointly transportation by taking transport routes as connect lines and taking various of nodes as connect points. Transport network is a material carrier for people to overcome barriers of spatial distance and to develop economic activities, the development of transport network plays a decisive role for economic development. How to make planning and construction of transport network scientificly and rationaly has become a basic requirement and precondition to promote socio-economic development healthly and orderly.The problem about how to meet and coordinate Long-term supply of transport network and social transportation demand means how to lay and construct transport network properly in the long-term process of socio-economic development. Therefore, the key solution lies in theoretically answering the following fundamental question, namely, "Why and how does transport network evolute?"The evolution of transport network is a kind of spatial economic activities, and is endogenous of the whole society’s specialization. The paper has carried on theoretical analysis on the content and intrinsic mechanism of transport network’s evolution by using transportation economic theory related and specialization theory, and on this basis, it has conducted the empirical study on the evolution of US and China’s transport network and their evolution mechanism. Overall, the major contents and conclusions of the paper basiclly include the following several parts.First, through a review of related research, the paper found that transport network and social transportation demand respectively exists as exogenous condition in the above research, and thus separates the intrinsic link between the two. Therefore, in considering the space factor to relax these assumptions in the study will help to further explain the intrinsic mechanism between transport network supply and social transportation demand, and makes it more in line with objective reality.Second, through the analysis of the transport network-related properties, the paper has constructed a general evolution process of transport network and maken a more systematic analysis and summary on its important characteristics, influencing factors, and spatial patterns, thus basically reflects the dynamic process and change tendency of transport network’s evolution.Third, the paper has carried on the analysis and define to the connotation of transport network’s evolution, and thought that the evolution of transport netwoek refers to the accumulative developing process of transport network by constantly internalizing economies of scale. On this basis, the paper has established a explanatory framework on the intrinsic mechanism between transport network supply and social transportation demand, namely that is interaction mechanisms of transport network supply (transport cost), urban system, inter-industry division of labor and economies of scale.For the evolution of transport network, it is a mutual demand process between economic development and transport network’s supply in the Division of labor and specialization process.By reducing transport cost and improving people’s ability to overcome spatial barriers, evolution of transport network promots the improvement of urban spatial network system and the expansion of market scope, and thus improves the level of inter-industrial division of labor, leading to increasing return to scale (economies of scale), and thereby facilitates transport network continue to evolve. Obviously, the evolution of transport network is a cumulative process of positive feedback loop.In addition, the paper also includes the intrinsic mechanisms of changes in transportation pattern through the above-mentioned explanatory framework.Fourth, the paper takes the US as an example, by analysising and summaring the evolution process and characteristics of US transport network in the different historical period, and has proven the cumulative characteristic of causation among it’s industrialization, urbanization, and transportation in the space-time over the past modern times. Namely the evolution mechanism of US transport network is obviously based on the interaction among the supply of transport network, urban system, specialation and economies of scale.Fifth, the paper uses the evolution of China’s transport network and the historical change of its economic spatial structure as the object of study, and has a more detailed analysis and summary on the evolution of China’s transport network,and the relationship between transport network and urban development or urban spatial network system, as well as the relationship between transformation of dominant transport mode and change of transport pattern from ancient, modern and contemporary three time periods respectively.As a result, the paper has not only fully confirmed the explanatory framework proposed, but also further enriched the understanding on characteristics and trends of China’s transport network evolution and evolution process of transport location.Sixth, for the future development trends of China’s transport network and the main problems it currently facing, the paper put forward several corresponding policy recommendations.更多还原