【作者】 宋秀华；

【导师】 王秀峰； 朴永吉；

【作者基本信息】 山东农业大学 ， 园艺环境工程， 2011， 博士

【摘要】 本文以泰安市区公园绿地为例,结合地理信息系统(GIS)的技术和方法,引入新的研究方法和指标,探讨城市公园绿地的景观格局、公园绿地的可达性及公平性问题;同时结合使用后评价法(POE)和条件价值法(CVM),采用问卷调查和实地观察的方式对城市公园绿地的使用状况和非使用价值进行评价分析,旨在为今后城市绿地的建设提供科学依据。主要研究结论如下:1、城市绿地景观格局分析以QuickBird影像为主,结合其他图文资料,运用景观生态学方法,选用Fragstats软件,从斑块类型水平和景观水平上,对研究区内的绿地斑块进行分析。绿地斑块类型组成分析表明,数量上中型斑块最多,随后依次是小型斑块、中大型斑块和大型斑块;面积上中大型斑块总面积最多,随后依次是中型斑块、大型斑块和小型斑块。斑块特征值表明,林地LPI最高,PD、ED、LSI较低;附属绿地PD、LSI最高,ED较高,LPI较低;公园绿地PD、ED、LPI、LSI均较低;其他绿地LPI最低,PD、ED、LSI居中;廊道绿地ED最高,PD、LPI、LSI较高。斑块空间结构分析表明,附属绿地和廊道绿地的斑块破碎度最高,林地最低。通过绿地整体多样性指数分析,优势度较低,绿地丰富度较小,多样性需要提高。运用SPSS软件对9个景观指数进行相关分析,结果表明相同面积情况下,斑块数的变化能引起斑块边界、形状的变化,进而引起PD、ED、PAFRAC的相应变化;D与E呈负相关。主成分分析表明,斑块特征指数和空间结构指数为第一主成分指标,LPI和D为第二主成分指标,各类型绿地的综合评价得分以附属绿地最高,公园绿地和林地最低。通过上述分析指出了研究区内绿地景观格局存在的问题,建议发展城市公园绿地和加强廊道绿地建设。2、城市绿地社会服务功能可达性分析以QuickBird影像为主,结合其他图文资料,基于GIS技术,运用ARCMAP中的Spatial Analyst模块的Distance/Cost Weighted的方法,计算可达性,结果如下:整体绿地可达性分析表明,随时间增加,服务面积比和服务人口比呈现下降趋势;分象限分析,综合服务面积比和服务人口比,服务能力最好的是第8象限,最低的是第5、6象限。公园绿地现状可达性分析表明,15 min内能满足近20%人口的需要,综合服务面积比和服务人口比,服务能力最好的是第1象限,第4、5、6象限为0,其他象限介于之间。公园绿地规划可达性分析表明,服务面积比和服务人口比在15 min内分别为27.73%和24.57%,相对于现状分析,数据均有所提高,特别是第4、5象限,但第6象限没有明显改善。基于上述研究认为,城市绿地可达性的提高主要与绿地面积和斑块数量、绿地空间分布格局以及道路网有关,对于服务人口则和人口密度紧密相关。公园绿地公平性分析表明,公园绿地更多地为社会经济地位较高者使用,在一定程度上反映出其服务的不公平性。因此建议在研究区第六象限增设公园绿地,以提高其服务能力。3、城市绿地使用状况和非使用价值评价研究运用POE方法和CVM方法,采用观察、访谈和问卷等形式,以研究区内的公园绿地为调研对象,进行评价分析,结果如下:城市绿地使用者的活动主要分为3类:老年人的健身活动,中青年人的休闲活动,儿童、青少年活动,另有演出、展览等其他活动。城市绿地使用状况问卷调查结果表明:居民日常休憩主要是居住区绿地和小游园,周末多选择城市公园和广场,节假日则去周边风景区;出游的工具依次是步行、非机动车和机动车。居民对各类绿地设施的不满意度最高,对各类景观的不满意度较低。在各类活动空间中,公园中对餐饮空间的不满意度最高(24.4%),在广场中对安静空间的不满意度最高(15.9%)。城市绿地非使用价值评价研究结果表明:以泰安城市公园绿地为例,支付意愿率在2次调查中分别为60.6%和61.0%;支付意愿平均值分别为38.12元/(人·年)和38.80元/(人·年),中位值均为20.00元/(人·年)。相关分析表明,支付意愿与对城市绿化的满意程度显著相关;支付意愿值与学历、月收入均呈极显著相关;其他因素的相关性不显著。建立的回归方程能解释变量间的相关问题,通过了F检验和t检验,但拟合优度并不高。研究结论有助于政府了解哪些因素影响居民对绿地资源的态度和实际行动,有利于城市绿地的整体发展。更多还原

【Abstract】 This dissertation presents an empirical study of evaluation on the social service function of urban green space. Taking Tai’an city as an example, landscape pattern, accessibility and equity were analyzed by using GIS technology and other new methods. Meanwhile, the usage and non-use evaluation of urban green space were analyzed, by using POE, CVM, questionnaire and observation. The research aimsto provide advice for the construction of urban green space. The major findings of the present study are summarized as follows:1. Analysis of urban green space landscape patternIn the dissertation, landscape patterns of urban green space were analyzed on patch level and landscape indexes by using Fragstats software, on the basis of landscape ecology theory, Quickbird images and other graphic materials.Analysis of patch composition showed that, regarding the number, medium patches were the most, followed by small patches, larger patches and the largest patches. With respect to the total area, the larger patches were the most, followed by medium patches, the largest patches and small patches. Analysis of feature values showed that LPI of forest was the highest, while PD, ED and LSI were comparatively lower. PD and LSI of ubsidiary green space were the highest, while ED was comparatively higher, and LPI were the lower. PD, ED, LPI, and LSI of parks were lower. LPI of other green was the lowest, while PD, ED and LSI were in the middle. ED of corridor green spaces was the highest, while PD, LPI and LSI were higher. Analysis of spatial structure of patches showed that corridor green space and subsidiary green space had the highest fragmentation while forest the lowest. Diversity analysis showed that dominance and richness were low, and diversity needed to improve. Nine landscape indices correlation analysis, with the use of SPSS software, showed that number of patches could cause changes in boundary and shape of patches, and then caused the changes in PD, ED and PAFRAC, and D and E were negative related. Primary component analysis indicated that patch feature indices and landscape indices were the first primary component index, LPI and D were the second. The total evaluation result showed that subsidiary green was the highest and parks and forset were the lowest. Based on these analyses, the development of urban park and corridor green space was proposed to improve landscape pattern.2. Analysis of social service function of urban green spaceAccessibility was calculated with the distance/cost weighted of spatial analyst in ArcMap, based on QuickBird images and other graphic materials.Accessibility of the overall green space showed that the service area and population ratio was the downward trend, increasing with time. Sub-quadrant analysis and integrated service area and population ratio showed that the 8th quadrant was the best, and the 5th and the 6th quadrant were the lowest. Accessibility of the park showed that service could meet the need of 20% of the population in 15 min. Sub-quadrant analysis showed that the 1st quadrant was the best, the 4th, 5th, and 6th quadrants were zero, and other quadrants were between the range. Accessibility of park planning, service area and population ratios were 27.73% and 24.57% in 15min. Data was improved, especially in the 4th and 5th quadrants, but no significant improvement in the 6th quadrant. Based on the above, the improvement of accessibility of urban green space was related to green area, patch number, space structure and road network. Analyses of park equity showed that the more parks for the use of higher socio-economic status, to a certain extent, reflected the unfairness of the services.Urban park was proposed to build in the 6thquadrants to meet people’s need.3. Research of usage and non-use values evaluation of urban green spaceWith the methods of POE and CVM, using observation, interviews and questionnaires, parks in study region were analyzed. The results were as follows:Activities in urban green space divided into three categories: leisure activities, fitness activities, children and youth activities, and other activities such as performances and exhibitions.Survey of usage of urban green space showed that people often go residential green space in weekdays, city parks and squares in weekends and scenic spot in holidays. Travel tools were mainly on foot, non-motor vehicles and motor vehicles in turn. Residents were most dissatisfied with facilities while less satisfied with landscape. And residents were most dissatisfied with dining space in parks (24.4%), and most dissatisfied with quiet space in squares (15.9%).Research on non-use value evaluation of urban green space showed that ratios of willingness to pay in two surveys were 60.6% and 61.0%; and average values were 38.12 yuan/(people·year) and 38.80 yuan/(people·year), median value was 20 yuan/(people·year). Correlation analysis showed that willingness to pay and the satisfaction were significantly related. Willingness to pay value were significantly related with educational experience and monthly income, and other factors had some correlation but not significant. Regression equation explained the variables by the F test and t test, but the goodness of fit was not high. The result had a positive significance for government understanding what factors affect the attitude of residents and overall development of urban green space.更多还原