【作者】 孙赫；

【导师】 吕文郁；

【作者基本信息】 吉林大学 ， 中国古代史， 2011， 博士

【摘要】 人才引进是成就秦国兴起、发展、以至统一天下的重要因素。对春秋战国时期秦国人才引进进行研究,可以使我们从一个全新的视角认识秦国的政治改革、军事强盛、经济繁荣和文化发展,也有助于更深刻的了解春秋战国的时代特征。本文共分六部分对秦国人才引进的具体措施及成效进行论述。首先,对秦国实行人才引进的时代背景进行探讨。秦国贯彻实行人才引进政策是基于特殊的时代背景:春秋战国时期,用人唯贤打破“世官世禄”一统天下的局面,逐渐被各诸侯国采用;人才异国仕宦逐渐发展成为一种普遍现象,在春秋时期,异国为仕者大都是在本国政争中失败被迫离开父母之国的贵族,发展至战国,人才的自主流动则占据了主导地位,新兴的士阶层成为流动人才的主力军;顺应时代要求,墨家、儒家及法家将尚贤思想发展成系统的理论,为各国打破传统任用人才提供理论依据。于是各国都不同程度地跨越宗族、甚至地域界限任用人才,以期在争霸图强的竞争中取胜,秦国亦不例外。第二部分论述了秦国现实国情需要引进人才。由于秦国的国情与众不同:君主与贵族争权斗争激烈,及本土人才缺乏,秦国将其用人目标主要定位于引进人才。第三部分论述了秦国引进人才的具体措施。秦国在春秋时期引进人才主要为了战胜西戎,战国时期则招纳能够使秦国强大进而向东扩张的人才。为了实现引进人才的目标,秦国为异国人才提供了多种入秦途径:异国人才可以通过秦臣荐举入秦,应秦君征招入秦,自荐入秦,以及被本国国君派遣入秦。并且秦国对引进人才采取了特殊的任用方式:春秋秦穆公时期,秦国以破格任用为主选任引进人才;战国时期,秦国以因功录用为主,破格任用为辅选任引进人才,并为引进人才特设客卿爵。被招纳至秦国的引进人才,不可避免的侵犯了秦国世卿贵族的利益,因而遭遇了来自世卿贵族的抵制,而秦国国君对引进人才以礼相待,又极大地鼓励了引进人才为秦国效力。第四部分论述了秦国对引进人才的管理。秦国充分发挥引进人才的作用,对引进人才委以重任:自春秋秦穆公至战国秦孝公、秦惠王、秦昭王、始皇都任用引进人才领导秦国内政、外交、军事,在秦国身居要职的引进人才数量远远多于本国人才。相比之下,春秋战国时期的其他国家虽然也存在任用引进人才的事实,但却远未达到持续重用的程度,因而秦国成为众多人才施展抱负的理想国度。重用引进人才的同时秦国通过上计、季度考核、三年大考核、巡县等制度监督引进人才,以监察结果为依据评定他们的政绩。根据引进人才的政绩,以赐予官爵的形式奖赏立功的人才。功劳卓著者,可封官至将、相,封爵至君、侯,还可得食邑。对引进人才的如此重赏在其他国家罕见,是秦国得以吸引人才的重要原因。与重赏相呼应,秦国对引进人才的惩处也极其严厉,一旦秦君认为其行为背离自己的国策轨道,就会对其严惩不怠:轻者夺官爵逐出秦国,重者酷刑处死致诛族。根据原因可以将引进人才在秦国所受处罚分为四种类型:因功高振主受罚,因同僚迫害受罚,因触犯秦律受罚,因连坐受罚。然而,严厉的处罚并没有阻挡异国人才入秦的步伐,重赏的诱惑使众多异国人才依然接踵入秦。第五部分论述了秦国人才引进政策的历史意义。秦国在春秋初期才始立国,又地处西垂,与戎人毗邻,长期在游牧状态下生存,其立国之初的经济、政治、军事、乃至文化均远远落后于东方各国。然而,仅用一百多年的时间,秦国就成为西方霸主,这除了归功于几代秦君的苦心经营及秦国劳动人民的辛勤劳作、浴血奋战外,引进人才的作用不可低估:公孙枝、百里傒、蹇叔、丕豹等东方各国的人才辅佐秦穆公与强晋抗衡,由余协助秦穆公征服西戎,他们为建设秦国出谋划策,成就秦国成为春秋强国。而秦穆公死后,秦国开始衰落。至战国初期,秦已不能继续维持其大国地位,并不断受到强晋的欺压。直至秦孝公启用卫鞅,才彻底扭转了秦国的艰难处境。商鞅变法使秦国迅速强大,为日后秦国统一中国奠定了坚实基础。在秦国进行兼并战争乃至完成统一大业的过程中,众多引进人才亦做出巨大贡献,他们中的文臣运筹帷幄,武将征战沙场,是秦国得以统一天下的中流砥柱。可以说,秦国的人才引进政策不仅成就了秦国的强大,同时也改变了春秋战国时代格局,在引进人才的辅佐下,秦国最终结束了分裂割据的局面,建立起统一的中央集权的封建国家。第六部分总结了秦国引进人才的历史经验。秦国多代国君连续贯彻执行人才引进政策,确立切合国情的选才标准,运用灵活多样的引进措施引进人才,并将引进人才纳入国家官吏系统统一管理,从而保证了人才引进政策在秦国成效显著,最终促进秦国完成统一大业。更多还原

【Abstract】 Introducing talents is an important factor for Qin state sprining up,development and uniting the significant element of domination .Through studing about Qin state’s appointting foreign talented person to important positions,we can understand the Qin state’s developing in politics and economy and military and culture more exactly.This thesis is divided into six chapters to discuss the concrete situation and means and effect about Qin state’s appointting foreign talented person to important positions .In the first chapter the reasons are discussed. Spring and autumn and Warring staets,every state nation designated commission a talented person,replaced designating commission relatives. And every state nation wished that self is more powerful than the other countries ,Qin state was also not exception .The second chapter discusses the domestic reasons. King of Qin state fighted intensely against minister. Qin state was fall behind very much and short of talented person. So Qin state appointed foreign talented person to important positions.The third chapter discusses the concrete means of Qin state’s appointting introducing talents to important positions . First, Qin state allowed introducing talents go into through several ways. Include minister recommended、king employed or introduced one’s special aptitude to king self. Then , The Qin state elected introducing talents. During the Spring and autumn period Qin state makeed exceptions in the electing chiefly. During Warring States period Qin state elected introducing talents on the basis of the outstanding service mainly. Qin state appointed introducing talents to management the country and command the army. These are the embodiments of Qin state’s appointting introducing talents to important positions . these means were more exact then other conturies.The fourth chapter is about Qin state gave ample rewards to introducing talents and severely penalized the introducing talents. Qin state rewarded the meritorious introducing talents with becoming the greatest government official and the town paying taxes. The foreign talent person who made a mistake was relieved of his post or decided the death sentence.The fifth chapter is about the contribution of introducing talents to Qin state. During Spring and autumn period ,they assisted the king of Qin became despot in the west China. During Warring States period ,many introducing talents make the tremendous contribution in uniting the significant element of domination.The last part is about the historical experience of Qin’s policy of introducing talents during the Spring and autumn and Warring states period.更多还原