【作者】 蔺淑英；

【导师】 张福记； 任贵祥；

【作者基本信息】 山东师范大学 ， 马克思主义中国化研究， 2011， 博士

【摘要】 本文以史料、唯物史观经典著作、唯物史观阐释性文本为依据,立足于唯物史观及其在中国(1919-1949)传播的深层原因分析和相对独特的传播历程的考察,注重从整体上研究唯物史观的中国解读及其特点,以及唯物史观在中国革命、思想学术领域的创造性运用,从主义与学理相结合的角度还原唯物史观在中国传播与运用的曲折历程及其伟大作用,总结正反两方面的经验教训,以便更准确的把握唯物史观的精髓和本真精神,更好地坚持、落实和发展唯物史观,推进当代马克思主义中国化和中国特色社会主义建设实践。研究唯物史观在中国的传播与创造性运用,首先要明确唯物史观到底是什么,这是衡量评析唯物史观在中国传播、解读、运用状况的标尺。人们通常认为唯物史观是揭示人类社会发展普遍规律的科学。但是,人类社会发展的普遍规律是什么,当前学术界存在着较大的意见分歧,这直接影响着人们对唯物史观到底是什么的理解。根据唯物史观创立和成熟时期马克思恩格斯的相关经典著作,唯物史观是关于现实的人及其历史发展的科学。唯物史观是由一系列具有内在逻辑的范畴构成的完整的科学理论体系。它以现实的人及其历史发展作为核心理念和理论阐述的主线,从现实的人的物质生活生产过程出发,坚持社会存在决定社会意识的唯物主义立场,认为生产力与生产关系、经济基础与上层建筑的矛盾运动是现实的人及其发展的社会表现形式;阶级斗争、社会革命是阶级社会实现生产关系和上层建筑变革,以解放生产力,进而解放人的手段;人类的物质生产活动及其实践能力是社会发展的最终动因,推动着社会经济形态从低级向高级发展,一直发展到以人的自由全面发展为基本原则的共产主义社会;既唯物又辩证地揭示了人类社会发展的历史进程和最一般规律。唯物史观之所以能在中国广泛传播,首先依托于唯物史观的独特性,即实践性、科学性、批判性和开放性,正是这些独特性,使唯物史观在世界学术发展和无产阶级反对资产阶级的革命运动中,放射出独特的理论魅力,并被在世界范围内广泛传播。理论在一个国家实现的程度,取决于这个国家对理论的需求程度。近代以来中国社会民族危机、乡村危机、信仰危机的全面爆发,器物、制度、思想文化层面的社会变革的屡屡失败,说明西方资产阶级思想文化依然不能拯救中国,要推翻帝国主义和封建主义的统治,实现民族解放、阶级解放和人的解放,迫切需要新的理论指导。以唯物史观为理论指导的俄国十月革命的成功,帮助中国先进分子认清了中国社会变革的方向和道路。唯物史观这种来自于西方又反对西方的学说,因其固有的理论特性,既解决了中国先进分子对待资本主义的矛盾心理,又适应了他们的社会文化心理和对社会变革理论指导的需求。内外因、主客体的综合作用,使唯物史观在中国的传播由可能变为了现实。唯物史观在中国的传播经历了一个复杂曲折的发展过程。当前,学术界对于唯物史观在中国传播的历史进程,或者以时间为序,以中国政治发展的重要事件为依据进行阶段划分,或者以与唯物史观发展息息相关的几个问题为依据进行阶段划分,并分别加以研究。问题是,唯物史观在中国传播是多种因素综合作用的结果,单以重要的政治事件或是与唯物史观息息相关的几个问题,不足以说明唯物史观在中国传播的复杂性、发展性。以时间为序,综合考虑唯物史观在中国传播的程度、中国先进分子对唯物史观解读的内涵与外延的变化以及传播主体的成熟度,并以此作为依据,将唯物史观在中国传播的历史进程分为:唯物史观的广泛传播阶段(1919-1923)、唯物史观的深入传播及初步运用阶段(1924-1935)、唯物史观的系统传播及创造性运用阶段(1936-1949),并从传播渠道、传播主体、传播方式、传播内容等方面,分阶段予以深入细致地剖析,同时,从整体上予以总结。这应该更能反映出唯物史观在中国传播的独特性、复杂性、发展性。中国先进分子在传播唯物史观的过程中,对唯物史观的内涵与外延的解读,进一步反映出唯物史观在中国传播的独特性、复杂性和发展性。在唯物史观的广泛传播阶段,中国先进分子将唯物史观解读为经济史观,对唯物史观与经济史观的关系、唯物史观与阶级斗争的关系的解读经历了一个曲折的过程;在唯物史观的深入传播与初步运用阶段,唯物辩证法作为一种科学方法论开始进入中国先进分子的视野,唯物史观的辩证性格得以彰显;在唯物史观的系统传播及创造性运用阶段,唯物史观的认识论价值,即社会改造价值得以凸显。中国先进分子通过解读唯物史观,找到了社会历史的新主体、考察历史的新视角、变革社会的新手段,形成了分析问题的辩证思维方式。总结中国先进分子解读唯物史观的历程,从中可以看出其所具有的鲜明特色,即科学性和现实指向性,历史局限性。尽管,由于受文本、当时的社会历史条件和解读者的素质等因素的影响,中国先进分子对唯物史观的解读不可避免的存在着一定的历史局限性。但是,应该肯定的是,他们对唯物史观的解读符合唯物史观的立场、观点和方法,把握了唯物史观的精髓和实质。中国先进分子传播、解读唯物史观的目的是为了变革中国社会,实现中华民族解放、阶级解放和人的解放。为达此目的,中国先进分子尤其是中国共产党人,以其解读的唯物史观理论为指导,将其与中国社会革命实践、思想学术等相结合,加以创造性运用。一方面,围绕着中国社会实践中提出的为什么要革命,革命是为了什么,怎么革命,革命的目标是什么,革命的保证是什么等问题,中国共产党人以唯物史观为指导,将唯物史观基本理论与中国具体国情和革命实际相结合,运用唯物史观的立场、观点和方法,从中国革命这个最大的实际出发,回答了革命是为了实现中华民族解放、实现人民的统治、使人民得到经济的幸福;运用阶级分析的方法对中国社会各阶级进行了分析,分清了革命的敌我友,确立了革命总路线,创立了中国特色的革命道路;从劳动人民立场出发,找到了中国革命的力量之源,在实践中创造性地提出了党的群众路线;运用经济分析的方法,将中国放在世界历史发展中加以认识,在革命实践中,经过曲折探索,对中国社会性质做出了准确定位,逐步厘清了中国革命的阶段和目标,创立了新民主主义革命理论体系,并以此为指导,最终取得了新民主主义革命的胜利,实现了民族解放和阶级解放的目标。在新民主主义革命理论体系创立的过程中,实事求是的思想路线发挥了根本的思想指导作用。另一方面,唯物史观的创造性运用还体现在思想学术领域中马克思主义学派的兴起上,如唯物史观与史学、社会学相结合,兴起了中国马克思主义史学和中国马克思主义社会学。对唯物史观在中国的传播、解读、运用的曲折历程进行整体研究,目的是从中探求唯物史观对中国社会发展和人的发展所起的伟大作用,总结经验教训,以便在实践中更好地坚持并发展唯物史观。通过研究,可以看出:唯物史观与中国实际是否实现成功结合,是能否正确发挥唯物史观对实践的指导作用的关键。当唯物史观与中国实际没有实现成功结合时,就会屡犯“左”的或右的错误;当唯物史观与中国实际实现成功结合时,革命就会沿着正确的轨道向前发展。因此,坚持把唯物史观与中国实际相结合是传播和运用唯物史观的关键;以世界眼光准确把握时代方位是传播与运用唯物史观的根本前提;求真务实是传播运用唯物史观的基石;理论创新是传播与运用唯物史观的本质要求;思想交锋是传播与运用唯物史观的动力。在当代中国特色社会主义建设实践中,面对复杂的国际国内局势,高举马克思主义旗帜,必须坚持马克思主义的理论基础——唯物史观;深入研究唯物史观,不断进行理论创新,推进当代马克思主义中国化;在实践中落实唯物史观的核心理念,坚持以人为本,关注民生,实现人和社会的全面、协调、可持续发展。更多还原

【Abstract】 Based on historical data, classical works and explanatory texts of materialism, this thesis explores the historical materialism, the deep reasons and the particular process of its spreading in China. From an overall point of view, it studies the Chinese interpretation, the main features and the creative use in Chinese revolution and in the academic fields. By combining ism with academy, it also restores the winding process and the great influence of the spreading of historical materialistic conception in China. Finally, this thesis also summarizes experiences and lessons of both positive and negative, by which we can more correctly grasp essence, persist in, carry out and develop historical materialistic conception. Only by so doing, can we push ahead modern Chinese Marxism and the building of socialism with Chinese characteristics.To study the spreading and creative use of historical materialism in China, one should first make clear what on earth historical materialism is, for it is the main criteria to evaluate its spreading, its interpretation and its use in China. Generally, one thinks that historical materialism is a science which reveals the general principles of human development. However, current academic fields see great differences in what are the general principles of human development. This directly affects people’s understanding of what historical materialism is. According to Marx and Angels’classical works in the era of its formation and maturation, historical materialism was a science about the real men and its development. Historical materialism is a complete system of scientific theories which contain inherent logical categories. Its main line is real men and men’s development. Starting from men’s material productive process, it maintains that social existence dominates social consciousness, believing that the main manifestation of society is the movement of contradiction between social productivity and social relationships, economic basis and the superstructure. Class struggle and social revolution is the only way to realize the transformation of productive relationships and superstructure, to set productivity and finally the whole human being. The ultimate stimulus of social development is human’s material activity and practical capacity, which pushes social economic form ahead from lower level to higher, till to communistic society in which human’s freedom will be completely developed. Historical materialism reveals the general process and human development both materialistically and dialectically.That historical materialism spread in China widely, first of all, is due to its particularity, that is its practicability, scientificity, criticalness and openness. Such particularity made it possible to flame theoretically in world’s academic development and proletariate revolution against the capitalist class, and spread all over the world. The realization of a theory in a country depends on how much the country needs the theory. Ever since the modern times, China saw great national crisis, countryside crisis, belief crisis, and failures in material revolution, systematic revolution and cultural revolution, which reflects western capitalistic thoughts and culture can not save China. It also revealed that China urgently needed to guided with new theories in order to undermine the imperialistic and feudalistic domination and to achieve national, proletariate, and human liberation. With the guidance of historical materialism, Russia succeeded in October Revolution, which helped Chinese advanced intellectuals realized the direction and way of social revolution. Historical materialism, which is from the west but is against the west in turn, not only solved the contradictory thoughts of Chinese advanced intellectuals, but also adapted to their social and cultural psychology and their needs for social revolution theory for its fixed rational features. The integrated effects of both internal and external factors made it to be realized in China.The spreading of historical materialism in China is a complicated and winding process. Currently, academic fields divide the process either according to some important Chinese political events or according to some issues related closely to its development, and study them respectively. However, the problem is the spreading of historical materialism in China is the result of some integrated elements, so the study of only some important political events or issues related is no sufficient to reveal the complexity and development in China. Chronologically, to take into consideration the depth of spreading in China, Chinese intellectuals’understanding of the denotation, connotation and the maturity of the spreading subjects, the spreading process can be divided into 3 stages: wide spreading period (1919-1923), the deep spreading and the rudimentary use period (1924-1935) ,systematic and creative use period (1936-1949). Combined with the analysis on spreading media, way and contents, and at the same time, with the summary on the whole, this thesis believes that it can better reflect the particularity, complexity and development of the process.In this process, Chinese advanced intellectuals’interpretation of the connotation and denotation of historical materialism further reflects the particularity, complexity and development of the process. In the first period, they interpreted it as economic history conception, with a winding process of interpreting the relationship between historical materialism, historical materialism and class struggle. While in the second period, materialist dialectics came to be a scientific methodology and be accepted by Chinese intellectuals, thus its dialectic feature came to flame. In the third period, epistemological value , that is, its value to change the world came to spark. Through such interpretation, Chinese intellectuals ultimately found the new subjects of social history, new angle to inspect history, new ways to innovate society and thus dialectical way of analyzing problems. To summarize such a process, one can find out its distinctive features: scientificity, empiricality, subject-oriented, and historical limitedness. Although Chinese intellectuals shows some limitedness in the interpretation for certain reasons as texts, the social historical situation, and the subject’s quality, yet one point should be sure, that is, their interpretations agreed with the main position, viewpoints and methods of historical materialism, grasping the essence and nature of historical materialism.The purpose of Chinese intellectual’s interpretations is to innovate Chinese society, to realize national liberation, class liberation and human liberation. To achieve such a purpose, they, esp. Chinese communists, combined it with Chinese revolutionary practice and academic study and use it creatively. On the one hand, revolving the questions out of social practice like what revolution is, for what we revolute, how we revolute, what is the purpose of revolution, what guarantee the revolution,etc, Chinese communists put the basic theory into Chinese revolution practice, and gave answers, eg. The purpose of revolution is to realize national liberation, to realize people’s domination, and to achieve people’s economic happiness. With the method of class analysis, they analyzed Chinese classes, through which they clarified the enemy from friends and finally found out the way to innovate Chinese society and founded the China-featured revolution road. With the method of economic analysis, they inspect China by putting it into the world history development. In revolutionary practice, they located Chinese social nature correctly and made clear Chinese revolutionary purpose and stages and finally founded the theory of new democracy. With the guidance of the theory, China ultimately achieved the victory of new democracy and the final goal of national liberation and class liberation. In the process of founding the theory of new democracy, the thought route of“seek truth from facts”played an essential role of guidance. On the other hand, the creative use of historical materialism is also reflected in the rise of Marxism study in academic fields, for example, the combination of historical materialism with history and sociology, and thus forming Chinese Marxism-history and Marxism-sociology.The purpose of the overall study on the winding process of spreading, interpretation and use is to try to find the great role it plays in Chinese social development and men’s development, so that we can better maintain and develop historical materialism in practice. From the study, one may find: whether historical materialism can be combined with Chinese reality is the key to whether we can exert its effect on practice. When not combined successfully, we may often make mistakes like“extreme right”or“extreme left”. When combined successfully, our revolution will follow the correct way. Therefore, keeping combining historical materialism with Chinese reality is the key to spread and use it. The primary essence to spread and use historical materialism is to grasp the times direction; the cornerstone is to be genuine and realistic; the essential requirement is theoretical creation; and stimulus is thought conflict. In current construction of Chinese socialism, the national and international situations are complex, so we have to hold on Marxism, and promote theoretical creation. We have to hold on the basis of Marxism—historical materialism—to make Marxism more Chinese and commonplace. Only guided by historical materialism, can we build a study-featured party, and improve our administration power and level. Implement historical materialism in practice, hold on people-oriented policy, pay attention to people’livelihood, and we will realize the all-sided, harmonious and sustainable development of both men and nature.更多还原