【作者】 黄河；

【导师】 罗剑朝；

【作者基本信息】 西北农林科技大学 ， 农业经济管理， 2010， 博士

【摘要】 研究颇具中国特色的农村土地承包经营权流转问题,仅仅涉及农村土地承包经营权的性质、内容、效力、流转方式等微观领域是远远不够的,因为微观研究仅能解决如何流转,即流转的方式问题,却无法解决怎样才能促进流转的问题,这就需要一种宏观的研究视角,即将农村土地承包经营权流转纳入到国家特定时期的农业产业政策中去进行宏观研究,这种研究要解决的问题是怎样能够形成合理的土地承包经营权市场价格,怎样使农民离开土地后,生活无后顾之忧,自愿让渡土地承包经营权,怎样促进农业产业比较利益的提高,使农业生产经营者从事农业生产有利可图,愿意受让土地承包经营权。本文正是基于这种认识,秉持了一种微观与宏观兼具,但却以后者为全文的重点和落脚点的基本思路,力图对农村土地承包经营权流转保障法律制度进行较为全面的研究。论文首先从我国农民集体土地所有权的本质、内容和实现形式入手,结合不同社会经济发展时期我国农业产业政策、农业法律制度及其运行实践,研究农民集体土地所有权的权能配置,意在为农村土地承包经营权的流转提供坚实的理论基础;在此基础上,根据农业产业的特殊性和我国农业生产经营的实际状况,主要提出了三大制度构想:1、对既存的农村土地承包经营权流转行为的规制制度进行完善,目的在于为相关流转行为提供既符合法理又能充分因应实践需求的法律模式;2、构建国家促进农业生产经营法律制度,以此推动农业产业比较利益的提高,促进土地承包经营权流转市场和流转价格的形成;3、根据我国农村社会保障的现实情况,改革现行农村社会保障法律制度,并以此弱化农村土地承包经营权负载的社会保障功能,增强土地承包经营权的经济功能,发挥社会保障制度在农村社会成员中应该发挥的作用,从根本上解决农民在“离土”后的后顾之忧,使农民在“离乡”的同时也愿意“离土”的问题。全文可以概括出以下主要观点:以经罗马法“抽象所有权”理论改造的日耳曼“总有”制度的相关规则和“总有权”“质的分割”理论为基础,对我国农民集体土地所有权进行了全新的解释和相应的规则探究。论文认为:首先,农民集体土地所有权本质是成员集体所有,其实现形式是依法将其内涵的各项权能在集体组织与其成员之间“分割”后形成两个层次的权利,一层是农民集体组织享有的以对集体土地进行依法管理和处分为内容的团体支配权,另一层则是农民集体组织成员(农户)享有的以对集体土地依法占有、使用、收益和对权利进行处分为内容的农村土地承包经营权,这种权利是一种法定的用益物权,它可依法转让、继承;成员权利层次的运行必须要受到团体支配权层次的合理约束;两个权利层的结合形成一个完整的农民集体土地所有权,任何一个权利层均不能像日耳曼法那样是一个单独的所有权类型。其次,农民集体土地所有权形成以来,农业生产经营体制变迁的实质是农民集体土地所有权实现形式的变迁,即其中所含的两个权利层,在特定的国家农业产业政策之下的权利配置变更和相互作用规则的变迁;在现行统分结合的双层经营体制和物权性的农村土地承包经营权的制度背景下,依农民集体土地所有权实现形式中权利配置主体的不同,农民集体土地所有权实现形式呈现“二元性”,即集体组织与其成员之间的权利配置机制和集体组织与非成员之间的权利配置机制,并且二者遵循不同的规制规则。最后,农村土地承包经营权的流转是农民集体土地所有权经“质的分割”后所形成的成员权利层实现其所内含利益的机制,其实质是农村土地承包经营权在特定主体间的变更、变动、聚合、处分,与农民集体土地所有权实现形式呈现“二元性”相应,农村土地承包经营权流转也呈现“二元性”,并分别遵循不同的规制原则和规则。阐明了农村土地承包经营权流转保障法律制度构建的影响因素和体系构成。论文认为,影响农村土地承包经营权流转保障法律制度构建的因素主要有农业产业比较利益、国家和集体组织在农村土地承包经营权流转中的地位和作用、农村社会保障制度、国家惠农政策等制度因素;在中国现有的社会经济条件下,健全的农村土地承包经营权流转保障法律制度除应包含农村土地承包经营权基本流转方式的法律规制之外,还必须包含能根本提升农村土地承包经营权市场价格,促进完善的农村土地承包经营权市场形成,弱化农村土地承包经营权上承载的社会保障功能,体现国家这一时期惠农政策和理念的系列法律制度。提出了在农村土地承包经营权流转法制保障体系中构建国家促进农业生产经营法律制度的必要性和可能性,并对具体的促进法律制度的内容进行了设计。论文认为,农业由于“天然弱质性”,其产业比较利益低下是客观趋势,但农业在一国政治、经济和社会稳定中无可替代的作用使得国家有采取措施促进农业发展的责任和动力;国家促进农业生产经营法律制度的调整方式包括强制性促进方式、指导性促进方式和财政援助性促进方式,其中财政援助性促进方式最能表现国家促进的理念,财政补贴是其典型表现形式;国家促进农业生产经营法律制度主要包含农业税费、国家农业投资、农业补贴、政策性农业保险、农业科技推广和农业职业教育、农地金融等法律制度。更多还原

【Abstract】 To study the transferring of management right of rural land contract with Chinese characteristics, it is not enough to touch only the micro areas such as nature, content ,validity and way of change, because the study from the micro side can only address how to transfer, that is, the manner of the transfer, but can not address the problem how to promote the transfer, which requires a macro research perspective, that is ,to integrate the transfer of management right of rural land contract to the national agriculture industrial policy of specific time. What it aims to address are how to form the reasonable market price of the management right of rural land contract, how to make peasants without extra worries after leaving the land and the transfer of the management right of rural land contract voluntarily, how to promote the comparative advantage of agriculture industry and therefore make agricultural production operators get benefits when carrying on the agricultural production and willing to transfer the management right of rural land contract. Based on this knowledge, this article is of the basic idea of combining the micro and macro perspectives, with the latter as the key and the foothold, aiming to analyze comprehensively the legal system of the transfer of management right of rural land contract.Starting with the essence, content and form of the peasant collective land ownership, and combining the agriculture industrial policy, the legal system, and the operation practice of different social and economic development eras, this article studies the right allocation of the peasant collective land ownership, with the aim of providing the solid theoretical basis for the transfer of management right of rural land contract. On this basis, according to the particularity of the agriculture industry in China and the actual condition of agricultural production and operation, three system ideas are mainly put forward. First, bettering the existing regulation system on the transfer of management right of rural land contract aims to provide the related transferring activities with the legal model ,which accords with the legal reason and fully meets the demand of practice ; second, constructing the legal system by which the state promotes agricultural production and operation so as to promote the comparative advantage of the agricultural industry and promote the formation of the circulation market and conversion price of the management right of rural land contract; third, according to the rural social security realities of our country, reform the current legal system of rural social security so as to weaken the function of the social security of the management right of rural land contract, to strengthen its economic function, and to make fully play the social security system in the members of rural society. In this way, root out the worries of peasants after they leave the land, and make them willing to leave the land when leaving the home.Overall, the main views can be summed up as follows.Based on the related rules of Germanic one system theory from abstract ownership theory of Roman law, whole right theory and total quality division theory, this article newly explains the collective land ownership of peasants in China and the corresponding rules. This article holds that, at first, the essence of peasants collective land ownership is that all the members collectively have the ownership; its way of realization is to split its all functions into two levels of rights between the collective organization and its members. One is that the peasants’collective organization enjoys the collective right of dominion of the collective land including management right and disposal right. Another level is that the members of the peasants collective organization have the management right of the rural land contract which includes possessing, utilizing, seeking profits and disposing of rights on the management right of rural land contract, and which is the legal usufructuary and can be transferred and inherited; operation of members right must be reasonably constrained via groups; the combination of two right layers forms a complete peasants collective land ownership, any right layer cannot be, like the Germanic law, a separate ownership type. What’s more, since the peasants collective land ownership formed, the change of agricultural production and operation system has been the vicissitude of peasants collective land ownership, that is, the change of two levels of right under the current agricultural policy with right configuration changes and interaction rules; under the background of the present dual operation system and the management right of rural land contract ,based on different subjects of right allocation, the realization of peasants collective land ownership shows the duality, namely, the right allocation mechanism between the collective organization and its members ,and the right allocation mechanism between collective organization and non-members, and the two have different regulations to follow. At last, the transfer of management right of rural land contract of peasants collective land ownership is a new mechanism after the peasants collective ownership is divided, through which members achieve its inner interests. Its essence is change, polymerization, disciplinary action in particular subjects of the management right of rural land contract .Like the duality of the peasants collective land ownership, the transfer of management right of rural land contract also presents the dual, and follow different regulation principles and rules. This article expounds the construction of legal system and the factors affecting the system concerning the transfer of management right of rural land contract. It holds that the factors mainly are agricultural industrial comparative advantage, the status and role the country and collective organizations play in the transfer of management right of rural land contract, rural social security system, national benefit policy and so on; in the existing social economic conditions of China, besides the legal regulation on the basic transfer method, perfect laws and regulations shall promote the market price of management right of rural land contract, better the market of management right of rural land contract ,weaken the social security function undertaken by the management right of rural land contract ,and embody the benefit policy and ideas in this period of China.This article puts forward the necessity and possibility of constructing legal system to promote the agriculture production and operation in the national legal security system of the transfer of management right of rural land contract, and designs the specific contents of the legal system. The author holds that, because of natural agricultural inferiority, the industry is on the objective trend of low comparative advantage, but agricultural industry plays an irreplaceable role in the political, economic and social stability of a country, which makes the country have the responsibility and motivation to take measures to promote the development of agriculture; the state promotes the legal system of agricultural production and operation through ways including mandatory promotion and guiding promotion and financial aid, among which financial aid can best represent the idea of the state promotion,taking on financial subsidy as the typical form; the legal system of the state to promote agricultural production and operation mainly includes agricultural taxes, national agriculture investment, agricultural subsidies, the policy-based agriculture insurance ,agricultural science and technology promotion and agricultural professional education, agricultural finance and so on.更多还原