【作者】 李林杰；

【导师】 许振成； 罗琳；

【作者基本信息】 湖南农业大学 ， 农业环境科学与工程， 2010， 博士

【摘要】 我国生态农业产业化建设还处于起步阶段,需要大尺度生态经济优化的技术创新与制度创新。本文属于问题驱动型研究,致力于生态农业资源节约型、环境清洁型与经济安全型等“三型”产业化技术体系的设计与节能降耗、减排治污与循环自生的新型模式的构建,以便缓解我国中亚热带区域近50a来工业化农业的负效应与近年盲目追求GDP导致的生态农业发展低迷,农药、化肥、灌溉水、劳动力等4项投入迅猛增长,种粮比较效益明显偏低,种养结构失衡,轻种重养,种粮副业化,稻衰猪盛,以猪为首的人畜禽鱼粪尿严重污染流体环境,形成妨碍水资源、耕地、粮食等农产品安全与生态安全的恶性循环。在本研究区域自然环境、社会经济与当地农业实际情况的长期跟踪调研中,借鉴国内外生态农业理论与经验,特别是在对景观模式、循环模式、立体模式、食物链模式、品种搭配模式等5种基本类型及其18种分类型的生态农业模式进行比较研究与综合创新的基础上,尝试以“节约、环保、多产、高值”为构建生态农业新型模式的目标与价值取向,与良田良种良法配套研究和“种三产四”丰产工程相结合,以生态过程工程为技术手段,以生物多样性关系重建、景观生态规划、循环体系设计为核心,以种-养-沼-加四联产循环与农-林-牧-渔-加-游六业结合的5个生态过程工程为框架主体的产业化技术体系,包括产前、产中、产后全过程清洁生产和农业、工业及城镇废弃物污染治理,含流体污浊链源头控制、过程阻断与末端治理。其核心任务是产前创造水、土、生物质、气候光热资源与废弃物资源生态高值化利用的条件；产中实现农产品的生态高值化生产；产后实现生态高值化加工与市场销售额攀升；以及创建清洁高效的工艺流程和设备,解决农业产业化-高值化生态过程与流体污染控制工程耦合技术创新与相关制度创新问题。主要研究结果如下：(1)基于生物多样性利用原理、能源高效率和物料全利用、流体环境一体及科技经济一体与城乡一体等“节约、环保、多产、高值”的目标和价值理念,提出了中国生态农业发展的“生态-循环-高值3阶段论”与生态农业新型模式——生态高值农业技术创新模式；界定了“生态高值农业”及其辅助概念“城乡四维污染”“流体环境系统”与“环境痕量污染物”；在其应用案例“同一气候变量条件下旱涝环境数据代表性及准确性的局地水、土、气监测相关性试验”中研究发现,以大气为主、以土壤为辅、以环境污染遥感监测4S技术集成系统为参照的监测数据可以表征地表水污染程度。可以借鉴成云过程中云水pH参数化的方法,实施地表水中SO42-、NO3-、TN、NH3-N等,土壤中硫与氮,以及大气中SO2、NOx、NH3等污染物的参数化,包括水、土、气污染物监测数据的相关系数。其阶段性研究成果与权威文献的结论相符合。(2)“生态高值农业”的实践体验：稻糠深加工小试、中试与肌醇工业性试验中的系统模拟分析应用案例。①设计思路。在确定的清洁生产任务下,选取设备单元与最佳流程,使固定资本及流动资本投资最少,对此混合整数非线性规划模型(MINLP)在计算机上求解。将模拟退火法与启发法相结合,得到一种混合优化算法,可兼顾算法全局最优与加快局部寻优进程。该法与严格数学规划法相比,相对误差<0.5%,被认为是最优设计。②流程模拟与工艺流程设计。应用由物料平衡、能量平衡与相平衡等方程组成的能足够准确描述整个生产过程的数学模型,在计算机上求解,以便得到该过程的全部信息后进行工艺流程设计。③设备设计,以及生态高值化工艺与传统工艺的比较。经浙、冀两厂试产证实,60t/a肌醇工程水解釜容积设计为6m3已有裕度。肌醇收率可由传统工艺的6.0%-9.1%提升到生态高值化工艺的10.0%～12.5%；代表流动资本且占成本2/3的菲汀消耗量从17t/t～11t/t肌醇下降为l0t/t-8t/t肌醇；代表固定资本的不锈钢水解釜容积由6.5m3～4.2m3节减为3.8m3～3.0m3。肌醇收率达到12.5%时,产能可由60t/a提升为120t/a。④试产启示。生产流程模拟软件应用于肌醇生产关键设备及全流程数学模拟、设计计算与工况分析,可获先进可靠的硬件和软件与全流程简化及“三型”产业化技术,以及良好的社会-经济-生态综合效益。肌醇等“4联产”及其经济评价结果显示,大力发展生态高值农业是必要的,也是可行的。(3)构建了包括系统科学方法论、研究方式、具体方法技术3要素在内的研究方法体系。其精髓是后者的3项分析,即系统模拟分析、能值分析与生命周期分析。(4)新型模式与产业化技术体系中3项分析应用案例：①测土配方施肥与系统模拟分析应用案例。2007a育塅乡应用晚稻肥效模型,NPK最佳施肥量分别为121.50kg/hm2,25.05kg/hm2,70.35kg/hm2,最佳产量为7378.5kg/hm2；全市累计实施2.93万hm2,施NPK配方专用肥1.08万t/a,平均施有机肥3t/hm2,比以往施有机肥增加0.75t/hm2,节省化肥折纯1.34万t/a,增产稻谷8790t/a,平均0.3t/hm2,共增收1674.56万元/a,平均572元/hm2。②牛-沼-草“3联产”循环农业模式与能值分析应用案例。联产循环农业是循环经济系统的一个子系统,其通过系统整合达到自然资源利用效率最大化、购买性资源投入最低化、可再生资源高效循环化、有害生物和污染物可控制化的产业目标。研究结果表明,牛业子系统与牛-沼-草联产全系统比较,能值自给率(ESR)从0增加到0.041%；净能值产出率(EYR)由1.90增加到2.11；可持续发展指数(ESI)由0.76增加到1.03；而环境负载率(EIR)由1.32降低到1.08,降低了18.18%。③零排放区域控制与生命周期分析应用案例：生态高值化稻草制甲醇(5万t/a)项目。在搜集半径50km范围内为碳减排区域,稻草不再废弃焚烧。生命周期分析(LCA)结果,其环境影响成本为284.99元/t甲醇,且集中于生产与消费过程。其中水稻种植过程净碳固定值为负值(-152.79元/t甲醇),总环境影响负荷为负(-35.49元/t)。稻草制甲醇的实际成本比煤制甲醇降低76.84元/t。④零排放区域控制与清洁发展机制(CDM)案例：2006a湘阴引进ICPC推荐的生态高值化“大型沼气发电及生态肥”项目。用地6.67hm2,有机废物搜集半径3km,输入畜禽粪便300t/d、废液200t/d,热-电-生态肥“3联产”,经厌氧发酵产沼气供热且发电600万kWh/a、产生态肥5万t/a,减排8万t/a二氧化碳当量。⑤超级杂交稻与绿色超级稻的融合及风险与兼顾社会-经济-生态效益案例。转基因技术的运用是先进育种技术发展的方向,是大幅度减少农药、化肥、灌溉水、劳动力等4项投入、提升种粮比较效益的重大技术对策。超级杂交稻是转基因技术非常好的材料；转基因技术的运用有益于超级杂交稻在产业化的大规模种植中更好地实现超高产潜力。但学界不能预知对生物进行转基因改造的危害,不能排除“生物放大”现象,这是许振成提出的“环境痕量污染物”新概念的启示之一。更多还原

【Abstract】 Safety of fluid body and its water environment is an imperative condition for the safety of arable land and agricultural products including food. Based on practical demands of the county-level ecological hi-value agriculture’s development, water and air treatment, residential and working sufficiency, production and yield increase and biological safety, this Dissertation, tries to relieve the vicious recycle of speedy increase of 4 inputs as farm chemicals, fertilizers, irrigated water and labor force, apparent low comparative efficiency of cereal production, marginalization of cereal production, disbalance of planting-animal husbandry structure, over-emphasing animal husbandry while despising planting, bump harvest in swine while dropoff in rice caused by the negative efficiency of industrialized agriculture in mid-subtropical areas in China for near 50 years and blind GDP pursuit in recent years. This practice has caused serious pollution of fluid body enviornment by dungs of human being, livestock, foultry and fish with pig dung as main contents and led to vicious cycle which badly affects the safety of water source, arable land food and ecology. This Dissertation, in combination with the comprehensive study of quality field, quality breed and fine methodoloty, and the "planting-three-harvesting-four" bump harvest project, with agricultural ecological process engineering as core technologic means, with combination of six industries as agriculture-forestry-stockraising-tourism-processing and ecological industrial chain with combination and recycling of planting-stockraising-sewage gas-processing as main attention, with landscape ecological planning, recycling system design and biodiversity relationship reconstruction as the core, is dedicated for construction of conceptual/theoretical, methodologic and industrial systems and its core "technological innovation mode", among which, the industrial system mainly contains "4-Constructions" with the safety of agricultural products and sustainable agricultural construction as main body, with intelligent agriculture and hi-value agricultural construction as two wings, and pre-production, mid-production and post-production whole-process clean production and agricultural, industrial and urban waste pollution treatment, including fluid body pollution chain’s source control, process hindrance and end-treatment. Its core mission is to realize ecological hi-value utilization of water, soil, live substance, climatic light and heat resources and waste resources; to realize the ecological hi-value production of agricultural products; to realize post-production ecological hi-value processing and marketing; and to create clean hi-efficiency process, flow and equipment to solve the motivation issue of innovation in the ecological process of agricultural industrialization and hi-value orientation and in the fluid body pollution control engineering coupling technology innovation and in the industrial system operational mechanism. The main findings are as follows:(1) Based on three concepts as biodiversity, energy hi-efficiency and full use of substances, urban and rural integration, and fluid environment integration, this Dissertation has put forward the "Ecological-Recycling-Hi-value 3 Stage Theory" and "Ecological Hi-Value Agricultural Technology Innovation Mode" for the development of China’s ecological agriculture, defined "Urban-Rural-4-Dimension Pollution" and "Fluid Body Environment System" as the auxiliary new concepts of "Ecological Hi-Value Agriculture". In its application case of "Local Water, Soil and Air Monitoring Corelation Test for Representation and Precision of Drought and Flood Environment Data under the Same Climatic Variable Conditions", monitoring data with atmospheric data as main contents, with soil data as supporting data, with 4S technical integrated system in environmental pollution remote monitoring as reference, can represent the degree of pollution of surface water. Cloud-water pH parameter-oriented methodology in cloud-forming process can be referred to in achieving the parameter orientation of pollutants as SO42-,NO3-,TN,NH3-N etc, S and N in soil, and SO2,NOx and NH3 in atmosphere, including related coefficients in monitoring data of pollutants in water, soil and atmosphere. The phased research findings are in compliance with results carried in authoritative literatures.(2) Practice of "Ecological Hi-Value Agriculture":rice chaff deep processing lab test, pilot test and inositol industrial test".①Design thread:Under fixed production task, select equipment units and optimal flow to minimize the fixed capital and the floating capital investment including environmental cost as energy conversion, consumption reduce, emission abatement and water treatment. The solution can be sought through summarizing it into a Mixed Integer Non-Linear Planning Model (hereinfater called MINLP) via computer. Combining simulated annealing and heuristic method can lead to a fixed optimized algorithm wich can enjoy both global optimum and speed up seeking process of local optimum. This method, compared with strict mathmatic planning method, enjoys the relative error lower than 0.5% and it is deemed as optimal design.②Flow simutation and process design. Adopt material balance equation, energy balance equation and phase balance equation to form a mathetical model which can accurately describe the whole production process to seek solution via computer, so that all information of this process can be acquired. ③Equipment design and comparison between traditional process and ecological hi-value process:Practically proved in two factories respectively in Zhejiang Province and Hebei Province, the capacity of 60 tons/year of inositol project can be optimally designed with autoclave volume as 6m3, among which, the inositol yield (%) can be improved from 6.0%-9.1% in traditional process to 10.0%-12.5% in ecological hi-value process; phytine consumption, which stands for floating capital and accounts for 2/3 of the total cost can be reduced from 17-11 to 10-8t/t inositol; while the hydrolysis autoclave volume which stands for fixed capital and accounts for dominant cost can be reduced from 6.5-4.2m3to 3.8-3.0m3. While when the yield rate reaches 12.5%, the capacity can be expanded to 120t/a.④Enlightenment of trial production:applying production flow simulation software into the key production equipment, whole-flow mathematical simulation, design calculation and production status analysis can help find advanced and reliable hardware and software and lead to whole-flow simplication, and social-economic-ecologic comprehensive efficiency.(3) Constructed the research methodological system including three elements as system science methodology, research mode and detailed mthod technique, of which the essence is 3 items of analysis of the latter, i.e. system simulation analysis, emergy analysis and life cycle analysis.(4) 3 analysis & application cases in construction of Ecological Hi-Value Agriculture’s Industrial System and its Technological Innovation Mode:①Soil Formula Fertilizer Application and System Simulation Analysis & Application Case. In the fertilizer-effect model applied in Yuduan Village in 2007, the optimal amount of fertilizer application is respectively 121.50,25.05 and 70.35kg/hm2, the optimal yield is 7378.5 kg/hm; the accumulative amount applied in the whole city is 29.3 thousand hm2, the special NPK fertilizers applied is 10.8 thousand t/a, the organic fertilizers applied is 3t/hm2,0.75t/hm2 increased than those applied hi-carbon fertilizers, saved chemical fertilizers are 13.4 thousand t/a, paddy rice increased at 8 790t/a, at average 0.3t/hm2, total increased amount is RMB16.7456 million/a, RMB 572/hm2 at average.②Cattle-Sewage Gas-Grass Joint-Production Recycling Agricultural Mode and Emergy Analysis Application Case. The result indicates that the efficiency of use of natural resources is increased from 0 to 0.041%; the rate of output of whole-system net energy and the index of sustainable development are respectively 2.11 and 1.03, increased at the rates of 10.5% and 71.05% compared with single cattle raising industry; the load rate of environment is 1.08,18.18% decreased.③Zero-Emission Area Control and Life Cycle Analysis Application Case:Ecological Hi-Value Straw-Made Methanol Project (50,000 t/a). The reduced carbon emission area is set within the searched radium of 50km, straw will not be wasted and burned. Life Cycle Analysis shows that the cost of environment effect is RMB284.99/t of methanol, and is concentrated on the process of production and consumption, among which, the fixed value of net carbon in the planting of paddy rice is minus (RMB-152.79/t methanol), the total environmental effect load is minus (RMB-35.49/t). The actual cost of straw-made methanol is RMB 76.84/t less than coal-made methanol.④Zero Emission Area Control and Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) Case: ICPC-recommended ecological hi-value"Large-Scaled Sewage Gas Power Generation and Ecological Fertilizer" Project introduced in Xiangyin County. With a land of 6.67hm2 used, within the area of searched radium of 3km of organic waste,300t/d dungs of foultry and livestock and 200t/d waste liquid are input, "3 joint-products" of thermal-power-ecological fertilizer take place. Upon anaerobic fermentation, sewage gas produced can produce heat and generate power of 6,000,000 kWh/a, produce 50,000 t/a ecological fertilizers, reduce emission of carbon equivalent at 80000t/a.⑤Merger of super hybrid rice and green super rice and related risk, social-economic-ecological combined efficiency case. Application of transgenosis technology is the development direction of advanced breeding technology, and the major technological solution of reducing 4 inputs as farm chemicals, fertilizers, irrigated water and labor force in great margin and thus improving rice-planting’s comparative efficiency. Super hybrid rice is a very good material for transgenosis technology; and the application of transgenosis technology is beneficial to better realizing super-high yield potential in planting super hybrid rice in a large scale. However, scientists cannot foresee the harms of transgenic transformation over live substance, and cannot exclude the occurrence of "live substance enlargement" phenomenon in future, which is an enlightenment of the new concept of "environmental trace pollutants".更多还原