【作者】 陆栋梁；

【导师】 蓝雪霏；

【作者基本信息】 福建师范大学 ， 音乐学， 2010， 博士

【摘要】 湘桂走廊贯穿南岭,是沟通中原、湘楚和岭南的交通要道,中原、湘楚、三苗和百越文化在这里交汇。其丧葬仪式音乐是仪式中的全声音,包括人声、器声、自然环境音响等,有孝歌、法事音乐、哭和其它声音四大类,并具有多种视角下的下属民间分类。湘桂走廊丧葬音乐代表性的结构原则有：“曲调基本框架”即兴发展形成各种变体(含Re、Do、La三声腔框架、Re—sol mi re do la sol框架、Mi re do—mi sol la—re do la sol和Sol do la sol—do mi re do框架)；自由转调,“清角为宫、变宫为角”转调,调式交替和调式叠置；乐韵的连接、贯串、照应、统一：“解曲集曲”、“联曲”；多种形式的词曲结合；音色组成段落；套曲套套曲,套曲组合成篇章；较大单位的套曲在横向上连缀成套数,由孝歌、法事音乐、哭和散套四个套数在纵向上构成仪式音乐大厦的整体。仪式声响用其在时间、空间和行为三个向度上的分布,建构起它的立体构架,各套数的立体构架结合在一起所建构的整体构架是仪式音乐的总体结构。这些结构原则,是民族仪式音乐共同的结构原则。“时空声行谱”记录仪式全声音,显示仪式音乐的总体结构。它由时组、空组、声组和行组组成,分别记录声音的时间布局、空间分布、声音结构和声音在行为上的分布,其次级层次分别称为时部、空部、声部和行部。全仪式声行记录把时、空、行为和仪式进程纳入仪式结构形态和仪式音乐形态中,形成一个完整的、立体的结构体系。湘桂走廊丧葬仪式音乐与其它音乐联系紧密。格式化的其它形式民歌作为丧葬仪式音乐建构的材料,情歌、山歌、儿歌、民谣、谜语转化为丧葬歌曲；丧葬音乐与其它仪式音乐共用内容素材和结构式样；小调转化为器乐曲牌等。道教法事音乐与湖南和广西渔鼓、《孟姜女》拥有的共同内核,它们是近亲乐族。丧葬仪式音乐具有戏曲因素,它用桂剧、彩调、花鼓戏的润腔手法装饰旋律,用戏曲的发声方法演唱；它与戏曲共用曲牌,将彩调、文场唱腔转化为曲牌,甚至直接用戏曲片段代替法事环节；它自身的歌、舞、乐亦具戏曲化。法事音乐的大部分程序项目能在湘楚地区的丧葬法事中找到结构格式相同或相似者。Re—Do—La三声腔,在湘楚地区的民歌中大量存在,可能是受湖北三声腔的影响而形成。[《长歌》格式]的扩展形式频繁出现在湘楚民歌中,[《拜忏》格式]的音调遍布于湘楚、百越地区。湘桂走廊丧葬音乐具有很强的包容性,常将其它乐种的元素收归己用来丰富自身,汇聚了湘楚、三苗、百越音乐的因素。这是湘桂走廊作为人口迁徙、文化交流通道,所带来的多元文化长期碰撞、交融,然后积淀的见证之一。湘桂走廊丧葬仪式面对人的死亡,以人的归属问题为中心,通过(生灵、神灵、亡灵)三个世界的构建,对“何谓人、何处人、何来人、何往人”诸问题做出了系统的解答。当地居民是在用自己的一套思维方式和术语解释来自于人类自身和周围世界的各种现象及其相互关系,并企盼达到人与自然的协调,实现“天人合一”。这体现出人类对自身、周围世界和二者相互关系之认识的艰难。更多还原

【Abstract】 Xianggui Corridor which runs through the Five Ridges is a vital communication passage connecting Central Plains, Xiangchu and south of the Five Ridges. The cultures of Central Plains, Xiangchu and Baiyue are met and exchanged here. The funeral music here is a whole-sound, including voices, sounds of instruments and implements, natural sounds and environmental sounds, and can be classified into four kinds, i.e. Xiaoge, Ritual Music, Crying and other sounds. They have many secondary classifications by the folk people according to their different points of view.The typical composing rules of the funeral music in Xianggui Corridor are:variants of skeletons of melody, such as Re—Do—La Three Sound Skeleton, Re—sol mi re do la sol Skeleton, Mi re do—mi sol la—re do la sol Skeleton and Sol do la sol—do mi re do Skeleton; changing mode freely, alternately, and by means of "turning Qingjiao to Gong, turning Biangong to Jiao", modes superposition; musical rhymes connected, stringed, correlated and unified; dividing a period into sentences,then putting them together in other ways, putting periods together to make a big period; various forms to combine words with melody; composing period according to tone colour; one divertimento includes many divertimentos, making a movement by putting divertimentos together, linking divertimentos up to compose a cyclical form. The four big cyclical forms, Xiaoge, Ritual Music, Crying and Other sounds, are superposed together to build the whole magnificent structure of the rite music. The distribution of the rite sounds over the three dimensions of time, space and behaviours builds its 3-D structure and the 3-D structures of the four cyclical forms together make up the whole framework of the rite music. These are the common structural rules of the national rite music."Time-space-sound-act-stave" can note down the whole-sound of rite and show the whole framework of the rite music. The stave is composed of Time group, Space Group, Sound group and Act group, each can note down time, space, sound and act, and also the sounds’ structure and show that how the sounds distribute over time, space and behaviours. Their secondary structures are called Space parst, Sound parts and Act parts. Taking down the sounds and behaviours of whole rite, puts time, space, behaviours and the process of rite in the rite structural style and rite music style, so as to form a whole 3-D structure system.There are close link between the funeral music in Xianggui Corridor and other music. Other formative folk songs are the building material of funeral music. Love songs, folk songs sung in the fields, children’s songs, folk rhymes, riddles can be turned into funeral songs. Funeral music shares source materials and structural elements with other rite music. Ditty can be turned into "Qupais" of instrumental music. Taoism funeral music has a common core with "Yugu" in Guangxi and Hunan province, and with the ditty song of "Mengjiangnu ". They belong to the same music tribe. The means used in Gui Opera,Caidiao Opera and Huagu Opera to make melodies more beautiful and the singing skills used in opera are used in funeral music, so that the funeral music has some features of drama. Funeral music shares "Qupais" with operas, music for voices in operas can be turned into funeral "Qupais", even sections of operas take the place of funeral sections directly. Funeral rite’s song, dance and instrumental music itself also has some dramatization. Most of the same items of the funeral music procedure can be found in Xiangchu area. Re—Do—La Three Sound Skeleton which exists in a great quantity among the folk songs in Hubei province may take shape by the influence from the Three Sound Skeleton in Hubei province. The expanded forms of Longsong Pattern are also found in large numbers in Xiangchu area. The Baichan Pattern, which exists extensively in Xiangchu and Baiyue area, the music elements of Xiangchu and Baiyue. The funeral music in Xianggui Corridor has the power to contain, and always absorbs the elements of other kinds of music to enrich oneself. It is a witness that Xianggui Corridor, as a vital passageway for population migration and cultural exchange, brings about multi-culture crashes, exchanges and then accumulates during a long period of time.Facing death and taking the problem of where people will go as the center, funeral rite gives answers to the questions such as" What are men? Where are men? Where do men from? Where are men going?" by setting up the three worlds (creatures, spirits, souls).The local residents are explaining the realities of the surrounding world by using their own modes of thinking and terms, hoping to get the co-ordination between man and nature and to achieve "the unity of the heaven and humanity", which suggests the great difficulties of the mankind in their endeavor to discovering themselves and the world around.更多还原