【作者】 张凤莲；

【导师】 李淑梅；

【作者基本信息】 南开大学 ， 马克思主义哲学， 2010， 博士

【摘要】 在阿伦特的著作中一个巍然耸立的形象就是马克思。在对斯大林极权主义统治的反思过程中,阿伦特开始关注马克思的思想,并由此考察了马克思与西方政治思想传统的关系。本文在分析阿伦特政治哲学的社会背景、理论渊源和转向研究马克思的缘由基础之上,选取阿伦特对马克思政治哲学的分析批判作为研究对象。阿伦特围绕马克思对西方政治思想传统的挑战展开论述。她首先从总体上定位马克思与西方政治思想传统的关系。她认为发端于西方政治思想传统的马克思的政治哲学,适应时代发展的需要对传统政治思想发起挑战。但马克思仍是在运用传统的范畴来颠覆传统,从而使之对传统的颠覆具有不彻底性,尽管马克思对未来社会的预想与希腊古典城邦极其类似,他并没有能够真正回到前柏拉图时期的政治传统。阿伦特集中探讨了支撑马克思政治哲学大厦的三个命题——“劳动创造了人本身”、“暴力是每一个孕育着新社会的旧社会的助产婆”和“支配他者的人不能获得自由”,从而由劳动观、暴力革命论和自由观三个方面来解读马克思的政治哲学。在劳动观上,阿伦特认为,马克思与以往哲学家一样,未区分劳动和制作,因而他未能超出西方政治思想传统的框架。阿伦特由此提出了她的人类三活动说(劳动、工作、行动)。马克思把劳动作为人的最基本的活动,认为现代的社会化生产与私有制的矛盾凸显,要建立以公有制为基础的共产主义社会,从而瓦解了私域和公域对立的传统政治哲学,而阿伦特则认为,劳动始终属于私人领域,惟有公共领域中的行动才是体现人的本质的自由活动；面对现代社会暴力因素对人类的威胁,阿伦特批判了马克思的暴力革命思想,认为它没有超出以制作理解政治的传统,由此她将言谈确立为政治主体在公共领域里进行合法性交往的工具；通过对马克思自由观的分析,阿伦特指出,由于马克思要消灭私有制,取消私人领域,所以他的自由王国理论只是乌托邦的幻想。她力求在资本主义私有制的基础上,重振和复兴古代城邦的公共领域,向柏拉图之前的政治思想回归。虽然阿伦特对马克思的政治哲学多有曲解和批判,但马克思的政治哲学思想在阿伦特政治哲学形成过程中具有参照系的作用。她对马克思政治哲学的解读对于我们在新的历史条件下寻求推进马克思主义政治哲学的新的契机具有一定的启发性。她对极权主义的批判、对20世纪西方消费主义盛行、政治冷漠的批判,对公民积极参与公共政治生活的呼吁,也具有一定的合理性和借鉴意义。更多还原

【Abstract】 Towering over the work of Hannah Arendt is the figure of Karl Marx. During the reflective process towards Stalin’s totalitarianism, Arendt begins to focus on the ideas of Marx, and examines the relationship between Marx and the tradition of western Political thought. The paper analyses based on the social background of Arendt’s political philosophy, theoretical origin and the causes of turning to the study of Marx, choosing the Arendt’s critical analysis of Marx’s political philosophy as the main concern.Arendt starts to dicuss the challenge of Marx’s towards the tradition of western Political thought. She first define a relationship position between Marx and the western political tradition overall. She believes Marx’s political philosophy that originated from the tradition of western Political thought, adapts to the needs of the times and challenged the tradition of western Political thought. However, Marx uses the traditional areas to subvert the traditional so that the subversion of the traditional with the lack of thoroughness. Although Marx envisioned the future of society and very similar to the classical Greek city-states, he did not truly return to the previous period’s political tradition of Plato. Arendt focus on three propositions which uphold Marx’s political philosophy—"labor created man himself, "Force is the midwife of every old society pregnant with a new one" and "the man who domain others can not expected to get freedom". then she analyses Marx’s political philosophy from the three aspects:the concept of labor, the theory of violent revolutionary and freedom of view. In view of the labor, Arendt believes that Marx, like other philosophers in the past, did not distinguish between labor and work, thus he failed to transcend the traditional framework of western political thought. Starting from this point, Arendt brings forward her theory of the human conditions:labor, work and action. Marx treats labor as the most basic activity of human being, and argues that establishing the communist society based on public ownership from the contradiction between the social large-scale production and the private property. so he subverted the traditional political philosophy that is building on the separating between personal realm and public field. While Hannah Arendt argued that labor will always be in personal realm, only the actions in the public field is the free movement of people that can reflect the essence of the man; As far as the threat of violence in modern society towards human being, Arendt criticizes the ideas of Marx’s violent revolution and believes that it does not transcend the tradition that considered the politics as the working, she regard the speech as the main communication tool for legitimacy in the public field; Through the analysis towards Marx’s theory of freedom, Arendt points out that, Since Marx tend to abolish private property, remove personal domain, so his freedom realm is only a Utopia fantasy, She sought the basis of capitalist private ownership, revitalize and revive the public sphere of the ancient city-state and regress to the political idea before Plato.Even though Arendt has many misrepresents and critiques towards Marx’s political philosophy, but Marx’s political philosophy has been a role of frame of reference during the formation of Arendt’s political philosophy, her interpretation give us hints to explore the new turning points for enhancing Marx’s political philosophy in the new historical environment. Her criticism to totalitarianism, the prevailing of western consumerism in the 20th century, criticism to political apathy as well as the appealing to active participation of the citizen in public political life, all of these have a certain rationality and reference value for us.更多还原