【作者】 武波；

【导师】 李治安；

【作者基本信息】 南开大学 ， 中国古代史， 2010， 博士

【摘要】 作为政治文化蒙、汉二元体制的一部分,元代法律也具有蒙、汉二元的特点。蒙古征服者入主中原后,一方面采行“汉法”,学习和继承中国传统的法律制度,另一方面又较多承袭成吉思汗“札撒”,将蒙古旧俗与汉地法律杂糅。蒙古法律与传统汉地法律之间既有矛盾冲突,亦有混合渗透,在相互的博弈之中不断调适与整合,以达成相互间的某种平衡,确保国家政权对社会秩序的维护并实现统治。由于受到史料、研究角度和方法的局限,学界对元代法制的研究一直相对薄弱,尤其从二元视角深入探讨元代法律具体问题的还不多。本文力图着眼于蒙、汉二元的视角,选取元代法律中比较有特点而研究相对较少的几个问题展开探讨。以蒙、汉二元视角为中心,来考察元代法律的具体问题。同时,通过对具体问题的研究来反观和透视蒙汉二元在元代法律上的表现。具体的问题包括：第一,元代立法的过程与立法程序。在前人研究的基础上,本文系统梳理了元代立法过程与立法程序、特点。认为元代的立法过程中充满了蒙、汉之间的冲突博弈。元代最终没有形成一部完备的成文法典,这主要是蒙、汉二元法律之间的整合迟迟未能完成的结果。第二,元代的驱奴法律研究。唐宋变革以来,汉地特别是江南的奴婢基本上成为雇佣奴,而蒙古入主之后,继续保留了大量终身占有的驱奴,并在法律上千方百计地维护主从之间的隶属关系。驱奴问题是蒙、汉二元法律冲突最激烈的环节。反映了蒙、汉之间社会关系的不同在法律方面的表现。第三,元代的籍没刑。籍没刑是元代刑罚中受到蒙古法律影响较多的一种。宋代以来,籍没刑的使用已经很少,而北方辽、金则仍有行用。蒙古草原时期,籍没也是一种常用的刑罚,入元后,籍没刑仍普遍适用于各种犯罪活动,并与传统汉地的法律之间产生了矛盾冲突。以上第二、第三,反映出元代蒙古法因素的最大特点是主从隶属关系。第四,元代的出军刑研究。蒙古旧俗中就有以犯罪者为兵的惯例,元初的对外战争,为出军的大量行用创造了良机。出军刑在发展过程中逐渐融入了宋代的刺配法,并在此基础上形成了元代的流刑。出军刑在元代的发展,最容易揭示蒙、汉二元法律之间的结合与相容。第五,元代的官吏考课、黜降法。元朝采行汉法,建立官僚体系,并在此基础上继承了汉地传统的考课、黜降制度。但在蒙古主从隶属关系的影响下,考课、黜降法中也产生了一些新的变化,特别是“罚俸”、“的决”的做法与前代有所不同。第六,元代的录囚制度。录囚制度也是传统汉法中的内容,元朝的录囚制度比起前代也有新的发展,形成中央到地方的多级录囚制度。特别是“五府官”录囚制度,是在蒙古法“约会”、“圆署”制度的基础上形成的,对后来明清的会审制度产生了一定的影响。以上第五、第六,代表的是汉地传统法律体制中发展较为完备与成熟的方面,元代在大体沿袭和继承汉法的基础上进一步发展。但以汉法为主体的同时,蒙古法因素也杂入其中,形成了一些新的特点。聚焦蒙、汉二元的视角,来观察元代的法律问题,可以看出,蒙汉法律既有矛盾冲突的一面、又有结合渗透的一面,两者在相互博弈过程中整合在一起。同时,通过考察这些具体问题所反映出的蒙汉法律之间的博弈整合过程,亦能凝练、提升对元代法律蒙、汉二元特征的认识把握。更多还原

【Abstract】 After the Mongolia conguered and hosted China’s Central Plains,they were studying and inheriting Chinese traditional legal system,meanwhile blend with Mongolia old customary law.Thus,they shows up a dualistic style.As a result,the Yuan dynasty did not form a volume of complete code,and mostly composed of ’TiaoGe’(条格)and’DuanLi’(断例)The application of the law,they were separately using their own traditional customs. With conflct and combine,the adjustment and adaptions were continuously making to find a way to reach some balance, ensure the state power can keep the social order and the effective ruling.The former study on Yuan dynasty’s legal institutions was still relatively weak,especially from the dualistic visual discussing the concrete problems of Yuan dynasty’s legal is very little.This paper is a study on some concrete legal problems of Yuan dynasty observing from the Mongal and China’s dualistic visal.lt contains such items as below:First,the legislation activity and program in Yuan.Based on fomer study,I summarized the legislation activity and program in Yuan dynasty,and figure out that the reason of without a complete code is the adjustmen and combination of the dualistic legal still not finished.Meanwhile it shows the strengthen of the centralization of authority.Second,study on the slave’s law and confiscate penalty.Those are the most clearly display of the conflict between the Mongal’s and China’s legal tradition.We can see that the most diffence is the relationship of masters and slaves,and it affects the Yuan’s law badly.Third,the exile system in Yuan.The progress of the exile system is a very good example to represent the combination of law between Mogol and China’s tradion.Forth,the evalution and adminstrative penalty within the government officials,and the prisoner re-trial system.Those are systems that perfectly developed in China’s tradional legal system.But in Yuan dynasty,the Mongol’s tradion had infiltrate with them.To sum up the all above problems,we can find that the dualistic character is the most important factor in Yuan’s legislation.and the origin is the differce of the economic relationships in different ways.更多还原