【作者】 王强；

【导师】 张森林；

【作者基本信息】 东北师范大学 ， 马克思主义理论与思想政治教育， 2010， 博士

【摘要】 环境利益是本文的核心概念。自然环境是人类生存的基本条件,马克思主义关注人类的生存和发展,也必然关注自然环境。因此,马克思主义始终没有忘却自然,而是铭记自然、学习自然、敬畏自然。马克思主义经典作家马克思恩格斯列宁等,从历史唯物主义的视角来看待人的环境需要,对环境利益作了历史上最为科学、最为透彻、最令人信服的阐释。在中国革命、改革和建设社会主义的伟大历史进程中,中共领导集体丰富和发展了马克思主义环境利益思想。研究发现,马克思主义的环境利益思想不仅是丰富的,而且可以形成一个科学的思想体系：其根本准则是以人为本；基本原则是环境生态利益、环境经济利益和环境审美利益有机统一；根本方法是统筹兼顾,利益协调；价值取向是促进人与自然的和谐；有效手段是依靠科学技术,发展循环经济。马克思主义环境利益思想是马克思主义理论的重要组成部分。但长期以来,国内外理论界对马克思主义环境利益思想的研究不够全面和深入。国外有的学者甚至误读、曲解了马克思主义,有的还质疑和否定马克思恩格斯有环境利益思想。今天,环境问题作为一个很热门的话题,这是一件好事,可是“热”问题呼唤“冷”思考。这表明,以科学的态度对待科学的理论,下更大气力、花更多功夫,认真研究和深入挖掘马克思主义环境利益思想的科学内涵,牢固树立科学的环境利益观,澄清各种非马克思主义环境利益思想十分必要。尤为重要的是在学以致用上下功夫,在社会主义实践中发展马克思主义,积极建设社会主义生态文明,有力地推进中国特色社会主义事业迈出更为坚实的步伐,真正为老百姓谋求更大福祉,让广大人民群众得到更多实惠。论文的第一章分析和论述了马克思主义视角下的环境利益概念及其特征。马克思恩格斯批判继承了费尔巴哈的“自然人”概念的合理内核,第一次将人的环境需要置于历史唯物主义视阈下,赋予其社会内容和特性,从社会关系的维度审视人的环境需要及其满足,真正使环境需要理论变成了科学。需要是利益的主观基础,利益是需要的社会形态。基于一定生产基础上获得了社会内容和特性的环境需要,就是环境利益。环境利益主要包括环境生态利益、环境经济利益和环境审美利益。其特征体现为历史性、传承性、规律性和公共性。论文的第二章阐述了马克思、恩格斯、列宁关于环境利益思想的基本内容。马克思恩格斯环境利益思想的内容包括：运用科学技术节约能源、净化环境,环境的破坏根源于科学技术的资本主义应用,以有计划的生产方式对自然进行控制,城乡融合发展排除环境污染等等。列宁环境利益思想的内容包括：利用自然力量发展工业农业,资本主义城乡对立破坏自然环境,天然富源是生产力空前发展的基础等等。论文的第三章论述了中共领导集体关于环境利益思想的基本内容及其实践。新中国成立后,以毛泽东同志为核心的党的第一代中央领导集体,面对旧社会和长期外敌侵略战争留给中国的乱摊子,坚持马克思恩格斯列宁的环境利益思想,从维护人民群众的环境利益出发,以加强林业建设为重点,以加强水利工程建设为急务,以消灭荒地荒山、改变自然面貌为目标,开展绿化祖国、修复受战争严重破坏的生态、大流域治理等方面工作。随着“拨乱反正”和党的工作重心转移到经济建设上来,以邓小平为核心的中共第二代领导集体通过制定和完善《环境保护法》,将环境保护纳入了法制轨道；依靠科学保护环境；加强生态环境知识宣传与普及；纠正了经济工作中“重经济、轻环保”的错误认识和不良倾向,促进生态建设取得长足进步。以江泽民为核心的中共第三代领导集体提出“三个代表”重要思想,把可持续发展放在了经济社会发展十分突出的位置,大力实施可持续发展战略,就环境建设和资源保护提出了一系列新思想新观点,也推动了环保工作实践。以胡锦涛为总书记的党中央提出,要牢固树立和深入贯彻科学发展观,更加关注人的生活质量、发展潜能和幸福指数,关注人与自然的和谐。科学发展观的第一要义是发展,核心是以人为本,基本要求是全面、协调、可持续,根本方法是统筹协调。其中蕴含着对环境利益的关怀,开辟了马克思主义环境利益思想的新境界,体现了马克思主义与时俱进的理论品质。论文的第四章尝试探讨了马克思主义环境利益思想的体系,并分析了马克思主义环境利益思想体系的核心内容。马克思主义环境利益思想体系的根本准则是以人为本；基本原则是环境生态利益、环境经济利益和环境审美利益有机统一；根本方法是统筹兼顾,利益协调；价值取向是促进人与自然的和谐；有效手段是依靠科学技术,发展循环经济。论文的第五章剖析了几种非马克思主义的环境利益思想。如“重经济、轻环保”的功利思想、“环境利益=环境经济利益”的狭隘思想、西方“环境利益困境”的悲观思想、“人定胜天”的狂热思想等等。运用了辩证的方法、比较的方法,对这些思想作了简要评价,澄清了理论是非,旗帜鲜明地坚持马克思主义环境利益观。更多还原

【Abstract】 The environmental interest is the core concept of the paper. The natural environment refers to the basic conditions for the human survival. Marxism pays attention to the survival and development of human beings and it necessarily pays attention to the natural environment. Therefore, Marxism does not always forget the nature but remembers the nature, learns from the nature, pays reverence to the nature and loves the nature. Some classical authors of Marxism such as Marx, Engels and Lenin, etc. treated the human environmental demand from the perspective of historical materialism and gave the most scientific, most thorough and most convincing explanation to the environmental interest in the history. In the great historical process of the revolution, reform and building of socialism of China, the collective of the leaders of the Communist Party of China has enriched and developed the Marxist environmental interest thoughts. The research finds that the Marxist environmental interest thoughts not only are rich but also can be established into a scientific system of thoughts:its fundamental norm is human-oriented; its basic principle is the organic unity of environmental and ecological interests, environmental economic interests and environmental aesthetic interests; its fundamental method is giving all consideration and coordination of interests; its value outlook is to promote the harmony between human beings and the nature; its effective means are to develop the circulating economy by depending on science and technology. The Marxist environmental interest thoughts are the important components of Marxist theory.However, for long time, the research on the Marxist environmental interest thoughts in the theoretical circles at home and abroad has not been comprehensive or deep-going. Some foreign scholars have misunderstood and distorted Marxism and some even questioned and denied the environmental interest thoughts of Marx and Engels. Today, as a hot topic, it is’ good to talk about the environmental problem, but the "cool" thinking shall be made for the "hot" problem. It indicates that the scientific attitude shall be taken to the scientific theory and it is very necessary that more efforts and more time shall be taken to carefully study and deeply excavate the scientific connotations of the Marxist environmental interest thoughts, firmly build the scientific environmental interest thoughts and clarify various non-Marxist environmental interest thoughts. What is especially important is that all the efforts shall be made to study and apply it, develop Marxism in the socialist practice, actively build the socialist ecological civilization, lay a solid foundation for rigorously promoting the socialist undertaking with the Chinese characteristics, truly make more profits for the common people and let a great number of masses of people more benefited.In Chapter 1 of the paper, the concept and characteristics of the environmental interest in the perspective of Marxism are analyzed and dealt with. Marx and Engels criticized and inherited the rational core of the concept of "natural person" of Feuerbach and first put the human environmental demand in the vision of historical materialism, entitled the social contents and characteristics to it, reviewed the human environmental demand and satisfaction from the perspective of social relations and truly made the environmental demand theory become a science. A demand is the subjective basis for interest and interest is the social form of a demand. The environmental demand with the social contents and characteristics based on a certain production foundation is the environmental interest. The environmental interests mainly include environmental and ecological interests, environmental economic interests and environmental aesthetic interests. Their characteristics are represented as historicity, inheritance, regularity and commonality.In Chapter 2 of the paper, the basic contents of the environmental interest thoughts of Marx, Engels and Lenin are dealt with. The contents of the environmental interest thoughts of Marx and Engels include:use of the science and technology to save energy and purify the environment, the damage to the environment is rooted in the capitalist application of science and technology, the planned mode of production shall be taken to consciously control the nature and the rural area and the urban area shall be combined and developed to eliminate the environmental pollution, etc. The contents of the environmental interest thoughts of Lenin include the following:the natural force is closely related to industry and agriculture, the rural area and the urban area of capitalism oppose each other and the natural resources are the foundation for the unprecedented development of the productivity, etc.In Chapter 3 of the paper, the basic contents and practice of the environmental interest thoughts of the collective of the leaders of the Communist Party of China are dealt with. After the founding of the People’s Republic of China, the collective of the first-generation leaders of the Communist Party of China with Chairman Mao as the core, facing the chaos of China left from the old society and long-term enemy’s invasion, insisted in the environmental interest thoughts of Marx, Engels and Lenin, started from maintaining the environmental interests of the masses of people, focused on the construction of forestry, gave priority to the construction of water conservancy, aimed at eliminating the wasteland and barren mountains and change the natural features, carried out the afforestation of the homeland and restored the ecology seriously damaged by the war as well as carried out the control of the big drainage areas, etc. With "bringing order out of chaos" and the gravity of center of the Party work transferred to the economic construction, the collective of the second-generation leaders of the Communist Party of China with President Deng Xiaoping as the core established and perfected the Environmental Protection Law, incorporated the environmental protection into the legal track, depended on science to protect the environment, strengthened the propaganda and popularization of the ecological and environmental knowledge, corrected the false understanding and bad inclinations of "emphasis on economy and under-evaluation of the environment" and promoted the great progress to be made in the ecological construction. The collective of the third-generation leaders of the Communist Party of China with President Jiang Zemin as the core presented the important thoughts of "three representatives", put the sustainable development to the prominent position of the economic and social development, made great efforts to carry out the strategy of sustainable development, presented a series of new thoughts and ideas on the environmental construction and protection of resources and promoted the practice of the environmental protection. The Central Committee of the Communist Party of China with Secretary General Hu Jintao as the core presents that the outlook on scientific development shall be firmly built and deeply carried out, more attention shall be paid to the human living quality, develop the potentials and happiness indexes and attach importance to the harmony between human beings and the nature. The most important substance of the outlook on scientific development is development, the core is human-oriented, the basic requirements are comprehensiveness, harmony and sustainability and the fundamental method is planning as a whole and coordination. The care for the environmental interests is represented. It has opened the new realm of the Marxist interest thoughts and represented the theoretical quality of Marxism of keeping the pace with the times.In Chapter 4 of the paper, an attempt is made to discuss the system of Marxist environmental interest thoughts and analyze the core contents of the Marxist environmental interest thoughts. The fundamental norm of the Marxist environmental interest thoughts is human oriented; the basic principle is the organic unity of environmental and ecological interests, environmental economic interests and environmental aesthetic interests; the fundamental method is giving all consideration and coordination of interests; the fundamental method is giving all consideration and coordination of interests; the value outlook is to promote the harmony between human beings and the nature; the effective means are to develop the circulating economy by depending on science and technology.In Chapter 5 of the paper, some non-Marxist environmental interest thoughts are analyzed such as utilitarian thoughts of "emphasis on economy and under-evaluation of the environment", narrow thoughts of "environmental interests=environmental economic interests", pessimistic thoughts of "dilemma of environmental interests" of the West and fanaticism of "man can conquer nature", etc. The dialectical method and comparative method are used to give a brief evaluation of the thoughts, clarify the right and the wrong of the theory and have a clear-cut stand to insist in the Marxist environmental interest thoughts.更多还原