【作者】 魏初奖；

【导师】 陈顺立；

【作者基本信息】 福建农林大学 ， 森林培育学， 2010， 博士

【摘要】 松突圆蚧(Hemiberlesia pitysophila Takagi)是我国外来的一种检疫性害虫,自20世纪80年代初期传入我国大陆后,不断扩散蔓延,对我国的松属植物造成了严重的危害,影响了松林资源与国土生态安全,引起了有关部门和科研机构的高度重视,先后开展了一系列应用基础和控制技术研究,取得了显著的成果。本文在作者参与松突圆蚧的形态学、危害特点以及在福建省的生物学特性、传播扩散规律、种群空间分布、种群变动规律和防治技术等研究的基础上,简要概述了国内外松突圆蚧研究和有害生物潜在适生分布区预测与风险分析的研究现状,阐述了松突圆蚧在中国的潜在适生分布区与危险性分析研究概况,为进一步深入研究提供了依据。在总结前人研究成果的基础上,对松突圆蚧在我国的适生分布区和潜在的风险性进行了研究。1.通过对松突圆蚧发育的起点温度和有效积温进行测定,结果表明,整个生活史发育起点温度为10.47±1.03℃；有效积温为810.87日度。用有效积温法估测了松突圆蚧在福建省各县市区可能发生的世代数,这与发生该虫为害地区观察到的实际情况基本相符,可作为有关地区松突圆蚧监测预警和防治决策的依据。2.松突圆蚧自然种群年变动规律及其与气象因子的相关性分析研究表明：一年中上半年的虫口数量高于下半年,3月中旬到6月下旬的虫口数量高,7月下旬到10月上旬的虫口数量低,10月下旬到12月下旬的虫口数量较高。低龄若虫的虫口变动,是引起种群波动的重要原因。种群及其各虫态的死亡率动态与虫口数量变动趋势呈相反趋势,7-10月低龄若虫死亡率高是引起该阶段种群数量低的主要原因。种群虫口总数和各虫态虫口数量均与月平均气温、月平均最高温和月极端最高温呈显著负相关；种群死亡率与月平均气温、月平均最低温、极端最低温和极端最高温呈显著正相关,与月平均最高温呈极显著正相关；月平均相对湿度和月平均降雨量对种群变动影响均不显著。气温是引起种群变动的主导因子,高温不利于种群的数量增长。3.松突圆蚧与生态环境因子关系的研究表明：不同树种和郁闭度林分的虫口数量存在显著差异,其中黑松上虫口数量最高,马尾松次之,湿地松最低,郁闭度高的林分虫口密度大；在实验室条件下松突圆蚧的死亡率随着降雨量的增加而升高,且若虫的死亡率明显高于成虫的死亡率；上半年阳坡虫口高峰出现时间比阴坡早,下半年阴坡虫口高峰出现时间比阳坡早；迎风坡的松突圆蚧虫口密度高于背风坡；但不同坡位、不同马尾松群丛、不同树龄中松突圆蚧虫口数量差异不显著。不同径阶马尾松松突圆蚧种群数量存在显著差异,表现为马尾松中龄林中存在胸径越大的个体受松突圆蚧为害(枯梢)越重的趋势,马尾松个体对营养和空间的竞争能力并不体现为对松突圆蚧的抵抗能力。4.利用Berryman (1968)的方法组建自然种群生命表和应用排除作用控制指数法(Exclusion Index of Population Control, EIPC)进行关键因子分析,结果表明,自然死亡是影响松突圆蚧自然种群的关键因子,一龄若虫为关键死亡阶段；其次控制作用指数较大的是未知死亡因子；再次是捕食死亡因子,而天敌寄生与病原寄生的控制作用指数大小基本相同,且对自然种群的控制作用很小,不足以对松突圆蚧自然种群的控制；其种群趋势指数I=4.12>1,说明该种群呈发展趋势。5.根据该虫的生物学、生态学特性以及寄主植物分布状况等,综合分析确定影响松突圆蚧生长发育的主要因子,据此应用地理信息系统分析其潜在的适生分布范围,获得了直观、明晰的松突圆蚧潜在的适生区分布图及危险等级区划图,首次明确了台湾、广东、澳门、香港、广西和福建的大部分及湖南、江西、云南南部地区为潜在的高风险区；海南、云南的中部以北地区、湖南与江西的北部、福建东北与西北部、浙江、江苏、安徽、湖北、重庆、贵州、河南、山东和河北中南部、四川东南部、陕西与山西中部以南等地区为松突圆蚧潜在的中等危险区；西藏南部、云南西北部、四川中西南部、甘肃东南部、宁夏、陕西北部、河北西部及辽宁的南部为松突圆蚧的低风险区。据统计,其潜在分布区域的国土面积占全国国土总面积的41.5%,占我国松树分布面积的90%以上,其中高度风险、中度风险和低度风险区域的国土面积占潜在适生分布区国土总面积的比例分别为18.9%、58.7%和22.4%。研究结论不仅丰富了我国外来林业有害生物适生性研究的内容,为开展松突圆蚧风险分析奠定了理论依据,而且为我国制定松突圆蚧的检疫控制策略和监测预警工作提供了科学的依据,为全国各地制定和实施相应的风险管理措施提供了理论依据。6.为确定松突圆蚧在我国的潜在危害程度,参照国际上有害生物危险性分析(Pest Risk Analysis,简写PRA)方法,从有害生物的国内外分布情况、潜在的危害性、受害寄主的经济重要性、定殖和扩散的可能性以及风险管理难度等几个方面进行定性分析；应用多指标综合评判法进行定量分析,并对各评判指标应用较科学的方法进行了计算评定,对松突圆蚧在我国的风险性做出综合评价。评价结果：R=2.162,表明松突圆蚧在我国属于高度危险性的森林有害生物。松突圆蚧虽然只在我国局部发生,但该虫寄主广泛、适生性强。因此,提出应将松突圆蚧继续列入我国进境植物检疫性有害生物名录和全国林业植物检疫性有害生物名单,严格引种检疫审批和进境植物检疫,加强国内检疫御灾,实施综合防控和加强监测预警等风险管理措施,首次提出要根据各地的潜在分布区的风险等级,采取相应的、适当的、合理有效的风险管理措施,为我国制定科学的风险管理措施和有效防止人为远距离传播扩散,遏制其扩散蔓延,确保我国森林资源与国土生态安全,促进对外贸易的持续健康发展提供了科学依据,并丰富了我国松突圆蚧的研究内容,也进一步完善和充实了外来有害生物风险评估的内容。更多还原

【Abstract】 The pine armored scale of Hemiberlesia pitysophila Takagi had been considered as a serious and alien quarantine insect pest for its great damages to various evergreen pines and rapid spread ability in Guandong and Fujian provinces of China since 1982. Through a series of field and lab experiments, this paper demonstrates the scale’s occurrence, geographic distribution, diffusive ways and relationships with the pine forest environment, effectve forest management practices, chemical and biological control technologies. Based above research, the potential distribution regions are predicted, and relevant risk analysis is conducted combined with relative literatures in recent 20 years. The main results are as follows:1. The developmental threshold temperatures in the pine armored scale was measured with the mean value of 10.47±1.03℃, and 810.8735 day-degrees were needed to complete one generation. The generation number of the scale in Fujian Province were evaluated using the method of effective cumulative temperatures principle,. The results were proved to be consistent with the facts from field observations, so it provided a scientific basis for the forecast and control of this insect pest.2. One year field investigation revealed that the pest population was higher during January to June than during July to December. The population quantity kept high in the duration from mid-March to late June, and fell from early July to early October, and then gradually increased from late October to late December, in which the low instar nymph number played an important role. However, the mortality of the population showed an opposite trend against the population quantity. Moderate negative correlation were observed between the total number of population and the mortality of low instars nymph number, the monthly mean temperature, the highest monthly temperature and the highest monthly extreme maximum temperature. Whereas, significant positive correlations were showed between the population mortality and the monthly mean temperature, the monthly mean minimum temperature, the extreme minimum temperatures, and the extreme maximum temperature, especially, an extremely significant correlation with monthly mean maximum temperature was also found. So the above results suggested that the air temperature was an important meteorological factor to affect the pest population dynamic, and the high temperature could make against the development of the population.3. Contrastive experiments indicated that the population quantity showed significant differences between the host pine of masson pine, Japanese black pine and slash pine, in which the population quantity was the highest on Japanese black pine followed by masson pine, and slash pine was minimum. In laboratory conditions, mortality of the pest population increased with rainfall, and the mortality was significantly higher in nymphae than in adults, and especially for the nymph before sex differentiation. The population dynamic exhibited some differences between in sunny slope and shady slope. In the second half year, the peak time of the pest population seemed to appear earlier in shady slope than in sunny slope, but to appear later in the first half of year. Significant differences in population quantity between different forest canopy densities, and more scales were found in the forest with high canopy density. In addition, the pest population remained higher in windward slope than in leeward slope. The significantly different population number was also proved between the masson pine with different diameter. However, no significant differences of the population number were observed among different slopes, different pine associations and different forest ages.4. Using the methods of Berryman (1968) and Exclusion Index of Population Control (EIPC), the life table of the pine armored scale population was constructed. Results showed that natural death was the key factor affecting the natural populations, and the 1 st instar nymph was the key of death stage. The EIPC seemed to be the highest for the unknown factors followed by the predation mortality factor. The parasitoids and pathogens factors shared a similar EIPC with lower values, so their control efficiency against the scale could be not remarkable in the field. The population trend index I was 4.12,, and the population showed a increasing trend and its survival curve belonged to Price (1975) of A-type.5. Based on the pest’s biology, ecology and the distribution of host pines, the potential distribution regions and their risk degree in China were analyzed and predicted using the geographic information system to develop quarantine measures.It was firstly defined as the potential high risk areas for occurrence of the pine armored scale including Taiwan, Guangdong, Macao, Hong Kong, most of Guangxi and Fujian, the southern of Yunnan and Hunan, Jiangxi. And the potential moderate risk areas covered north central of Hainan and Yunnan, northern of Hunan and Jiangxi, northeast and north-west of Fujian,Zhejiang, Jiangsu, Anhui, Hubei, Chongqing, Guizhou, Henan, Shandong and central and southern of Hebei, southeastern of Sichuan, south central of Shaanxi and Shanxi. And the low-risk areas southern were Tibet, northwest of Yunnan, southwest of Sichuan, southeast of Gansu, north of Ningxia and Shaanxi, west of Hebei and southwest of Liaoning. The potential distribution area for the scale possessed 41.5%of the total land area and more than 90%of the pine distribution area in China. The proportion to the total land in China of high, medium and low risk areas for the pest occurrence were 18.9%,58.7%and 22.4%, respectively.The results not only enriches the fitness of exotic forest pest and the theoretical basis of risk analysis, but also develop useful quarantine control strategies, monitoring and forecast measures for Hemiberlesia pitysophila Takagi in China.6. Qualitative and quantitative analysis with Pest Risk Analysis (PRA) method were run to determine the degree of potential hazards of the pine armored scale in China. The selected indices included the native and abroad distribution of the scale, the potential damages, the economic importance of hosts, the possibility of colonization and spread, and the difficulty of risk management, etc. Evaluation result_R=2.162 showed that this pest scale is a high risk forest pest in China. Although it only occurs in partial areas of China, but has strong adaptability and many suitable host pines with a wide geographic range. So, it is necessary and important to keep the pest scale in the China’s entry plant quarantine pest list and the national forestry plant quarantine pest list, and prevent the pest scale’s large area of dispersal through man-made long-distance transmission by various plant quarantine methods.更多还原