【作者】 林斌；

【导师】 郑传芳； 林其屏；

【作者基本信息】 福建农林大学 ， 农业经济管理， 2010， 博士

【摘要】 集体林在我国林业中占有重要的地位,对改善我国农村生态环境、促进农村社会经济协调发展更有重要作用。在我国经济社会发展的不同时期,为适应林业产业的发展与生态环境保护的需要,对集体林权制度进行了相应的变革,这些改革都不同程度地推动了集体林业的发展。但是,随着社会主义市场经济体制的逐步建立,集体林产权虚置、农民经营主体地位不落实、经营机制不灵活、利益分配不合理等问题日益突出,严重制约了农民发展林业的积极性,严重制约了林业生产力的发展,林业既没有发挥出良好的生态效益和经济效益,也没有发挥出它的社会效益。因此,推进新一轮集体林产权改革势在必行,迫在眉睫。2003年全国林业工作会议后,国家林业局确定福建省三明市作为全国集体林产权制度改革试点,开始深化实施新一轮集体林产权改革。2003年4月,福建省人民政府下发了《关于集体林产权改革的意见》,在全省实行以“明晰所有权是基础、放活使用权是关键、落实处置权是手段、确保收益权是落脚点”的集体林产权改革。当前,福建省集体林产权改革已进入深化改革阶段,产权制度改革对集体林业的发展到底有着怎样的影响?新一轮的集体林产权制度改革的绩效如何,集体林产权制度改革是否达到了制度设计的目标?影响集体林产权改革绩效的因素是什么?这些问题的研究与回答对于进一步全面推进集体林产权制度改革具有重要的参考价值。这就要求我们对当前集体林产权制度改革绩效进行正确评价。邵武市作为福建省林业改革与发展试验区示范点之一,率先开展了新一轮的集体林产权改革。随着集体林产权改革的不断深化,改革取得了一些成效,也积累了一些经验。通过对具有典型性及示范效应的邵武市集体林产权改革绩效的研究,可以对福建省集体林产权改革绩效做出一个合理的判断。本研究依据《福建省人民政府关于推进集体林产权改革的意见》,《中共中央国务院关于全面推进集体林产权改革的意见》明确集体林产权制度改革的目标,构建集体林产权改革绩效研究的分析体系。从农户林业收入、农村社区集体经济发展、农户林业生产经营行为、以及农村社区和谐建设等方面分析研究集体林产权改革的制度绩效。本研究的数据主要来源于2008年7月至8月以及2009年7月在福建省邵武市展开的调查。在样本的选取上,采取随机抽样的原则,在邵武市的15个乡镇中,每个乡镇抽4个村、每个村抽5个农户进行一对一的入户访谈。数据范围包括300户农户的调研数据,60个调研样本村数据,75户造林户的调研数据以及邵武市林业局提供的相关统计数据。本研究主要采用定性讨论和定量分析相结合的方法进行研究,具体包括访谈式调查研究方法、描述统计分析方法与比较分析法。本研究的主要结论有：1.集体林产权改革对农户收入产生了一定的影响但影响并不显著。现有研究成果均认为集体林产权改革确保了农户对集体山林的经营权和收益权,增加了农户来自于林业的收入。但是,本研究的分析表明,集体林产权改革对农户收入的影响是不显著的,而且不同的农户在集体林产权改革后的林业收入存在着较大的差距。本研究认为,森林资源的产权明晰仅仅是保障农户林业收入增长的基本前提,农户来自林业的收入增长还受到限额采伐制度、自身生产经营能力及要素投入等因素的约束。2.集体林产权改革对村集体经济的影响具有显著的差异性。本研究认为,集体林产权改革对提高村集体收入、增强乡村公共产品供给能力、减少村集体债务具有促进作用,但是由于不同的村庄所占有的山林资源的数量与质量是不同的,尤其是在新一轮集体林产权改革之前,不同的村庄对集体山林资源的处置方式的差异使得各村在新一轮集体林产权改革中所能够支配的山林资源不同,导致不同的乡村在村财的林业收入方面存在着较大的差距,而这种差距也导致各村在村庄公共产品供给方面存在着显著性的差异,并导致不同村庄农户收益的差异性。3.集体林产权改革后森林资源状况有所改善但对林权改革的激励效应应重新认识。许多研究成果指出集体林产权改革调动了农户经营林业的积极性,同时林业统计反映集体林产权改革后非公经济造林不断增长。但是,本研究的分析反映农户造林的比例并不高,并且农户造林投入的差异性十分显著。更为重要的是,乡村中的造林户往往是乡村中具有较高社会政治资本的群体而非乡村中数量庞大的、分散化的、小规模的普通农户群体。4.集体林产权改革一定程度地推进了村治民主的发展但林权纠纷的激化制约着乡村和谐社会的建设。在集体林产权改革中,各级政府遵循着权利平等的原则、充分尊重林农的意愿、保证村民的知情权和参与权,广大农户的民主法制意识增强,乡村干群关系也有了较大的改善。同时,随着山林市场价格的不断高涨,加上农户权利意识的觉醒及农户与政府博弈能力的增强,长期潜在的因集体林地低价划拨国有林场经营而产生的林权纠纷以及因不规范的山林经营招投标形成的在中标户与其他村民之间的林权纠纷被不断的激化,对集体林产权改革后的乡村社会和谐发展构成了阻碍。本研究认为,为提升集体林产权改革绩效,在深化集体林产权改革的进程中,首先,要加快推进相关配套政策的改革。集体林产权改革绩效的实现,还需要一系列的林业相关配套政策的配合,同时,深化集体林产权改革的配套政策应注意政策的针对性,配套政策制定应更多地考虑分散的小农户。其次,实现家庭经营与林业规模化经营的统一,加快林业合作组织的建设。政府可通过政策诱导将分散的农户组织起来,组成多种形式的林业经济合作组织,采用合作经营模式形成一定规模的林业社会化生产。政府要规范林地流转和林权交易,防止出现对农户山林经营权的剥夺,保护普通农户的合法权益。第三,增强农户社会政治资本的有效性。政府政策应提高农户应对林业生产经营活动市场化的社会政治资本的有效性,将农户的社会关系网络以及对活动的参与性纳入到林业生产经营过程中,使农户能够运用社会政治资本去应对市场化的林业生产。第四,加强村治民主建设,积极化解林权纠纷,保障农户的合法权益。恢复乡村干部的公信力和农户对村集体组织的信任。更多还原

【Abstract】 Collective forest plays an important role in our country’s forestry, especially in improving the ecological environment and promoting the coordinated development of rural economy. In different times of our country’s economic and social development, and in order to adapt the development of forestry industries and needs of ecological environmental protection, the collective forestry property had corresponding reformed, these reforms promoted the development of collective forestry in varying degrees. However, with establishment of a socialist market economic system, the problems, like nominal the collective forestry property, failed position of farmers’ operation subject, inflexible operation mechanism, unreasonable benefit distribution are becoming increasingly conspicuous, which seriously restrict farmers’ initiative to develop forestry and the development of forestry productive forces, forestry not only played little ecological and economic efficiency, but also on social efficiency. Therefore, promoting a new round of the collective forestry property reform is important and imminent.After 2003 national forestry work meetings, the national forest bureaus determined Sanming, Fujian as trial of reform of collective forestry property, started to implement a new round of the collective forestry porperty reform deeply. April 2003, fujian government issued comments on reform of collective forestry property, oprated the reform of collective forestry property, which based on "clear ownership is the foundation, loosening usufruct is crucial, committing right of disposal is means,ensuring earning right is aehk". At present, reform of collective forestry porperty in Fujian has been in deepenging reforms period, how does reform of collective forestry porperty make effect on the development of collective forestry? How is the performance of a new round collective forestry porperty reform, does reform of collective forestry porperty get the designed goal? What factors would affect the performance of collective forestry porperty reform? The research and answers on these questions has an important reference value on further promoting the overall reform of collective forestry property. It required us to make a correct evaluation on performance of current collective forestry property.Shaowu, as one of trials for collective forestry property reform and development in Fujian, implements the new round of the collective forestry property reform primarily. as the reform of collective forestry property continues to deepen, reform has achieved some results, also gained some experience. Basing on performance analysis on the reform of collective forestry property in Shaowu, where is representative and possesses demonstration effect, which can help us to make a reasonable assessment to reform of collective rorestry property in Fujian.This research according to the fujian people’s government concerning the reform of the collective forestry property opinion, the chinese communist party and the state council on a comprehensive promote reform of the collective forestry property opinion, clear the goal for the reform of the collective forestry property,construct the analysis system for performance analysis on the reform of collective forestry property.The study on performance analysis on the reform of collective forestry property is from many aspects:the farmers forestry income, collective economic development of rural communities, farmers forestry production business acts and harmonious development of rural community. The data of this research mainly derived from investigation in Shaowu, Fujian in July to August 2008 and July 2009. The specimens were taken on the random samples principles, in the 15 towns of Shaowu, each town have four villages, each village pick up five families to join a one-on-one interviews. Data included data of 300 households farmers, the 60 research data samples of the village, data of 75 afforestation schemes and relevant statistics supplied by Shanwu forest bureaus. This research mainly adopt the qualitative and quantitative analysis methods, including the investigation, and interviews with a description of the statistical analysis methods and comparative analysis.The main conclusions of the study are:1. the reform of collective forestry property has a certain impact on income of farmers but is not noticeable. All of the existing researches consider that the reform of collective forestry property ensures farmers’operation right and earning right of collective forestry, increases farmers’ income which is from the forest. however, the research analysis showes that the reform of collective forestry property has an unsignificant impact on income of farmers, and after the reform of collective forestry property,there is large forestry income gap among farmers. This research considers that clear property of the forest resources is only basic premise to ensure farmers forestry income increasing, the growth of farmers income from the forestry is still restrictde by the cutting quota institution, production capabilities and input elements and so on.2. the reform of collective forestry property has a remarkable differentiated to the village collective economy. The research considers that the reform of the collective forestry property has promoting effect to increase the collective income, enhance the public products supply, reduce public debt, but different villages have different quantity and quality of forestry resources, particularly before the new round of the collective forestry property reform, the different treatments to collective forestry resources among different villages lead to different dominate forestry resource in the new round of the collective forestry property reform and large gap in village forestry income among different villages, and the gap also induces significant difference in the village common products supply and differentiated of families. income among different villages.3. After the reform of collective forestry property, the forest resources is improving but the motivation effect of collective forestry proerty reform should be acquainted again. Many research results point that the reform of collective forestry property increases farmers’initiative in operating forestry, and forestry statistics reflect after the reform of the collective forestry property, afforestation of private economic forestry increasing. however, the research analysis reflects the proportion of farmers afforestation is not high, and farmers input for the afforestation differentiated quite remarkable. More importantly, most afforestation accounts in the country are the group,with high social and political capital,not the farmer group,who has huge number,but decentralization and small size.4. The reform of collective forestry property promotes the village democracy but intensification of forestry property disputes restrict harmonious society in rural development. In the reform of collective forestry property, the governments follow the principle of equal rights, respect forestry farmers’desire, ensure farmers’rights to know and participation rights, democracy and legal consciousness of most farmers enhance, the rural relationgship between cadres and public have improved considerably. Meanwhile, with the forestry market prices rising, and farmers rights awareness awakening, and the farmers with the government’s game ability enhancing,the potential forestry property disputes for collective forestry transfer to state-owned forest center at a low price,and intensification of forestry property disputes between outbid accounts and others caused by non-standard invitation and submission of tender for forestry operation,these are the constraint for the rural society harmonious development after the reform of the collective forestry property.This study consider that, in order to raise the performance on collective forestry property reform, in deepening the reform of the collective forestry property, firstly, to expedite reform of the relevant supporting policy. The realization of performance on the collective forestry property reform, also need a series of forestry relevant supporting policies’co-ordination, at the same time, deepen reform of the collective forestry property’mating policy should pay attention to the pertinency of the policy, formulation of the relevant matching policies should take more consideration on scattered small farmers. Secondly, achieve the unify between family business and forestry enlargement business, fasten the construction of the forestry cooperation organization. By policy induction, the government can organize the decentralized farmers,shapevariousforms of forestry economic cooperation organization,introduce the cooperative business model form to compose the scale of the forestry socialized production. The government so as to standardize the woodland transfer and forestry property treatment, prevent depriving farmers’forestry operation right, and protect the legitimate rights and interests of ordinary farmers. Thirdly, enhancing the effectiveness of the farmers social and political capital. The government policy should be increased farmers effectiveness of social and political capital to face forestry production and business operation activities of the commercialization, put the validity of the network connections, and farmers activities of involvement into the forestry production process, so the farmers can apply social and political capital for the market-oriented of forestry production. Fourth, strengthen construction of the village democracy, dissolve forestry property disputes actively and ensuring farmers’ legal interest. Recover rural cadres’credibility, and farmers’trust to the village collective organazition.更多还原