【作者】 龙耀；

【导师】 冒荣；

【作者基本信息】 南京大学 ， 高等教育学， 2010， 博士

【摘要】 当前,中国高校学生生存问题不容乐观,不但有“贫困生”问题,还有最近出现的“富二代”问题,也有校园“贫富差距”导致的严重问题。在贫困生问题方面,中国高校为数不少的贫困生,他们或因贫困而影响学业,或因贫困而拖累家庭,甚至因贫困而走上违法犯罪的道路……而“富二代”问题则是中国高校校园新出现的问题,而且不容忽视。伴随着“贫困生”和“富二代”的并存,中国高校校园又出现了贫富差距问题,主要体现为高校校园内的同学关系鸿沟。由于这种鸿沟出现在同一个教室,同一个宿舍,所以爆发冲突的隐患比校园外的“贫富差距”社会问题更为危险。中国高校学生出现一系列的生存问题,其中的主要原因是相关的制度设计出了问题。中国高校学生当前的生存路径基本特点是：以家庭路径为主,国家、社会路径为辅；可是,在这个生存路径的制度设计中,家庭路径却没有法律地位,而国家、社会路径还很不完善。比如在社会保障制度安排中,忽略了高校学生的社会保障权利；在高等教育成本分担比例安排上,不符合中国国情,政府分担的成本太少,学生分担得太多；在国家助学贷款制度设计中,没有把已经是成年公民的高校学生当作经济地位独立的个体来对待。另外,在高校学生勤工助学、教育捐助等方面都还存在一些明显的问题。针对中国高等教育发展的国情,中国有必要构建新的高校学生生存路径：以国家、社会路径为主,家庭路径、个体路径为辅,并在社会保障、高等教育成本分担、国家助学贷款、勤工助学、教育捐赠等方面做出制度完善。社会保障权是公民的基本生存权利,也是高校学生应该享有的基本权利。高校学生一般是成年人,父母没有抚养的法定责任；高校学生要学习,没有自我生存的时间和精力；高校学生的户籍已经迁离原籍,无法纳入原来的城市或农村社会保障体系。所以,有必要构建和完善高校学生的社会保障体系,确保高校学生的基本生存权利。另外,高等教育成本应该实行合理分担,其中政府应该承担更大的一部分,学生分担部分不应超过25%。但是,中国政府教育投入不足,一直没能达到占GDP的4%之要求,在世界各国处于比较低的水平,导致高校学生承担了过重的负担。如果这种分担模式在“精英教育”背景下因为高等教育回报率还比较高而得以维系的话,那么,在高等教育大众化的背景下,高等教育回报率大大降低,特别是在中国“高校扩招”后高等教育发展和经济发展严重失调的情况下,在金融危机等多重因素导致的高校学生就业难的形势下,中国政府必须承担更多的高等教育成本,降低学费,减轻学生负担。就是在高校学生应该负担的那一部分高等教育成本,也应该在负担的方式上有所考量高校学生的特殊性。高校学生群体是法定年龄已“成年”而经济上还“未成年”的一个特殊群体。他们是法定成年人,法律上不保障、实际上也不应该再依赖父母；但是,他们也不可能自己挣钱以解决大学学费。在这种情况下,基于高等教育之准公共产品属性,合理安排国家和社会对高校学生的资助模式,就显得特别重要。中国现有的高校学生资助体系包括奖、助、贷、减等类型,各有利弊,需要调整。特别是国家助学贷款制度将成年的高校学生与其家庭捆绑在一起,只面向“家庭贫困学生”,有诸多弊端,应该有所调整。基于培养人之目的,高校学生勤工助学应该基于“学习境脉”理论,让学生融学习于劳动当中,从劳动中学习。为此,国家、高校都需要采取进一步的措施加以改进。另外,中国高校研究生群体还存在一个特殊问题：不少研究生付出了很多的科研劳动,可是,他们却得不到合理的报酬。为此,需要改革相关的制度安排。教育的发展离不开慈善事业的支持。中国高等教育捐助还很落后,教育慈善资源没有得到应有的培育。当前,要发展中国教育慈善事业,需要进行系统的改革。其中,由于校友捐助在整个教育捐助中占有很大的比例,所以中国高校有必要重点考量校友慈善资源的培育。其中,当前的重要工作之一是改善师生关系,改善母校和校友的关系。本博士论文主要采用文献研究法开展研究,同时采用定性和定量相结合的多元调查研究法,适当采用了案例研究法和比较研究法。更多还原

【Abstract】 Various survey data demonstrate that the current issue of Chinese university students are serious, not only "poor second generation" issues, as well as the recent "rich second generation" issues, but also campus "wealth gap". The "poor second generation" problem is usually concerned about the problems of poor students in Universities. There’re a large number of poor students in Chinese universities, their study and families are affected because of poverty, even committing crimes because of poverty... and the "rich second generation" issue is an emerging problem in Chinese campus, and can not be ignored. Along with "poor second generation" and "rich second generation" co-existence, "wealth gap" has emerged in Chinese campus, mainly reflected in relations between university students. Because those gaps appear in one classroom, or in one dorm room, so the hidden dangers of conflict more than the dangers of "wealth gap" in social.There are a series of problems in the survival paths of Chinese university students, which makes clear design that the systems have problems. The author found that the basic characteristics of the current survival path of Chinese university students is:the family path have no legal status, and the national/social path far from perfect. That is, on the one hand, Chinese university students do not rely on the family path, on the other hand, the national/social paths providing assistance for Chinese university students are far from perfect. Such arrangements, in-the social security system, the rights of Chinese university students in social security are ignored; the proportion of cost sharing arrangements for higher education do not meet China’s national conditions, the government share the cost too few and students share too much; in the state loan system, Chinese university students did not have been as an adult citizen. In addition, Chinese university students’ work-studying and donor are still have some obvious problems.Right of social security is a citizen’s basic right, Chinese university students should have the basic rights. Chinese university students generally are adults, their parents do not have the the statutory responsibilities to support them; Chinese university students have to study, and have no self-survival time and energy; Chinese university students’domicile have been moved out, and cannot be included in the original urban or rural social security system. Therefore, it is necessary to build and improve the social security system of university students to ensure the basic right of university students.In addition, we should implement a reasonable share of the cost of higher education, which the government should assume a greater part, and the students’sharing part should not exceed 25%.However, the lack of Chinese government investment in education has failed to meet internationally recognized accounting for 4% of GDP, which leading to that students have to take a heavy burden. If this sharing model could be maintained in the "elite education" context because the higher education is still relatively high rate of returning, then, in the context of popular higher education, the rate of higher education returning significantly reduced, especially in China, "university Enrollment" and the development of higher education are not in balance of the economic development, multiple factors such as the financial crisis caused by the difficult employment situation of university students, Chinese government must assume more of higher education costs, lower fees, reduce the burdens of students.In the costs of higher education that university students should be burdened, we should also be considering the way of burdening. Students are "adult" on legal age and their economy still "minor". They are legal adults, the law does not protect, in fact, should not be relying on their parents; but they can not own money to solve the university tuition fees. In this case, it is particularly important to arrange the national and social assistance model of university studengts basing on the external benefits of higher education. China’s current system of students include award, assistance, loans, reducing and other types, but they are pros and cons, and needed to be adjusted. National Student Loan System ties the adult university students and their families together, only for the "poor university students", it has many drawbacks, and it should be open to more university students.Basing on the purpose of training people, basing on the "learning contexts" theory, we need to take further measures to improve the work-study. In addition, Chinese universities graduate students, there are a special problem:many graduate students pay a lot of research work, however, they do not get reasonable returns. To this end, we need to reform teacher-student relationship, especially the relationship between graduate students and instructors, constraints or cancel the power of instructors on management.Contributions for education is very important. However, contributions of higher education in China is very backward, charitable resources are not proper training. The reasons are complex. At present, the development of Chinese education charity need reformment of the system. Because alumni donor contributions in the whole education has an absolute advantage in the ratio, so Chinese universities need to focus on the cultivation of charity resources, alumni concerns. At present, the priority is to improve the teacher-student relationship to improve the school and alumni relations.更多还原