【作者】 陈春常；

【导师】 都培炎；

【作者基本信息】 华东师范大学 ， 马克思主义基本原理， 2011， 博士

【摘要】 国家治理是自有阶级社会以来最重要的政治现象之一。国家治理的本质在于通过其属性及职能的发挥,协调和缓解社会冲突与矛盾,以维持特定的秩序。阶级性和社会性是国家治理的根本属性,在阶级社会,主要体现为阶级性。在社会主义社会中,国家治理既强调其阶级性也突出其社会性,社会性主要通过政治、经济、文化以及社会职能的发挥来实现治理。对后发国家来说,如何实现经济发展、国富民强以及长治久安,国家起到根本的基础性地位与作用。从计划制度向市场制度、从传统社会向现代社会的全面转型是有史以来最为复杂的制度现象之一,成为观察国家治理的典型背景。本文以现代化与全球化进程为时代转型背景,以国家治理变迁为研究主线,以经典作家文本和国家治理实践为依据,从纵横两面、动静视角集中考察改革开放30年来转型中国国家在治理过程中的角色位移、功能消长和理念演变。新中国成立后,社会主义中国以苏联为范,进入了全能国家治理时期。由于治理主体的一元性,无所不能、无所不包是全能时期国家职能最主要的特征。虽然中国共产党人较快发现斯大林模式的弊端,但由于国内外主客观因素的影响,始终没能找到适合自己国情的国家治理道路。十一届三中全会以后,国家进入以经济建设为中心的发展型国家治理时期,国家与市场在治理过程中共同发挥重要作用,经济迅速发展成为这一时期的主要特点。进入新世纪,社会主义和谐社会的提出,国家进入社会起重大作用的新时代,初步形成强国家—强社会的国家治理模式。改革开放以来,中国在社会主义现代化过程中,国家治理实现重大转型：第一,国家治理历经从注重效率优先的发展型国家到公正价值诉求的和谐型国家治理模式演变；第二,国家治理是从全能国家一元治理逐渐演进到市场、国家与社会多元并治；第三,国家治理是从被动应付到积极应对,再到通过国家治理自身推动现代化和全球化的过程；第四,国家治理实际上是满足不同国家治理主体利益需求的过程,它不仅是一种政治理论,更是一种社会运动。国家治理是治理主体之间不断调整、协调互动和综合平衡的过程。从经济而言,脱嵌的市场既会带来大量物质财富也会产生许多消极因素,只有嵌入社会建设的市场才是建立社会主义市场经济的根本方向；政治而言,政府天生具有自我扩展倾向,只有在民主与法治的制度约束之下,国家政治制度建设才会健康成长；文化而言,只有意识形态世俗化,决策更加理性与科学化,努力促进公民主体的文化。自觉,是文化走向繁荣创新的重要保证；社会而言,追求公正,保障民生,努力培育公民社会,塑造强国家—强社会治理模式,是迈向国家善治的关键路径。实现现代化是中华民族的不懈追求和伟大梦想。社会主义制度的建立为国家治理奠定了坚实的制度基础；改革开放以来,中华民族实现了国家繁荣和富强,为国家治理奠定了丰富的物质基础；社会主义和谐社会的构建,强调“以人为本”的国家治理目标得以确立。自此,有中国特色的社会主义国家治理道路已初步形成。更多还原

【Abstract】 State governance has been one of the most important political phenomena since the dawn of class society. The essence of state governance lies in the exercise of a governing body’s attributes and functions, coordinating multiple social forces, relieving social conflicts, and working out the contradictions underlying them in order to maintain a specific state of order. The fundamental attributes of governed State includes a social nature and class structure. In a word, a class society embodies a class character. In socialist societies, the governing bodies of the state both emphasizes its class character and also gives prominence to its social nature. Social nature in the main realizes its order state through the exercise of political, economic, cultural and social functions.As regards the newly arising state, the state occupies a pivotal position and plays a fundamental role in bringing about a wealthy nation, a strong citizenry, a developed economy, and a long and peaceful order. The whole-sided transformation from a planned economy into a market economy, from a traditional society into a modern society presents one of the most complex changes of political order since the dawn of history, and becomes the paradigmatic background for the observation of state governance. The following paper takes the courses of modernization and globalization as the background for the transformation of an age, takes the vicissitudes of state governance as the guiding thread for research, and takes classical texts and the practices of state order as support for an investigation into the political and economic reformations since the thirties, which transformed the state of China in a process of governance, wherein its roles shifted, its functions fluctuated, and its ideas of order evolved.Since the establishment of the new Chinese nation-state, socialist China adopted and employed the soviet form of governance as a pattern, and thereby entered a totalitarian period of state governance. Due to the univocal nature of the subject of governance during this period, state functionaries embraced total, all-encompassing power and omnipotent characteristics. Although officials within the Chinese communist party soon realized the down sides of the Stalinist model, in the end they could not find a path of governance that suited the national situation specific to China due to influential factors both subjective and objective plaguing the state from within as well as without. Since the opening reforms of the eighties, China entered a period of governance that adopted economic construction as a core and a developing nation as a model, the state and the market both played important roles in the process of governance, and accelerated economic development became the key feature of this period. As we entered the new century, socialism and the harmonization of society has been proposed as a model, which marks a new age of important state interventions within society, and forms the initial steps toward the formation of a strong national-social governance model.Since the initial political and economic reformations, the state governance of China has realized a major paradigmatic transformation in its process of socialist modernization in the following ways:first, from a developing nation that focuses on efficiency to a harmonious state that appeals to just values, Chinese governance has undergone a transfiguration in models; second, Chinese governance has gradually evolved from a totalitarian state into a state of coordinated order between the market, the state, and a plurality of social forces; third, State governance has moved from a mode of passively reacting to problems as they arise to developing proactive coping strategies that push forward the compound process of modernization and globalization through its own state governance; fourth, state governance in actuality is a process that seeks the fulfillment of multiple states and the benefit of multiple subjects, which suggests that it state governance isn’t merely a kind of political theory, but is much rather a sort of social movement.At the same time, State governance is also a ceaseless process of integrating, balancing, adjusting, and coordinating interactions between governing subjects. Economically speaking, a market that is disconnected from society can produce vast quantities of material wealth as well as generate many harmful side effects; only a market fully embedded into society can serve as the basic direction for the founding of a socialist market economy. Politically speaking, governments naturally tend toward self-expansion; yet a socialist and democratic political order can only grow healthily under the constraints of an efficient society ruled by democratic law. Culturally speaking, only the secularization of ideology, the increased rationality and scientific efficacy of policy, and the intensification of cultural self-awareness of the masses can serve as an essential guarantee for the progress of a civilized state. Socially speaking, the key path to beneficent state governance can only by found by seeking justice, ensuring the livelihood of the people, working hard to cultivate a civilian society, and molding a model of governance for a strong nation and a strong society.Realizing modernization is the indefatigable pursuit and great dream of the Chinese people. The establishment of the socialist order has founded a substantial infrastructure for state governance; since opening reform, the Chinese people have realized national prosperity, wealth, and strength, which has consolidated a plentiful material infrastructure; the structure of socialism as a harmonization of society, which emphasizes "people as the foundation" for state governance has been instituted. Since then, the primary steps along a socialist path of state governance with a Chinese nuance have already been formed.更多还原