【作者】 贺春燕；

【导师】 刘荣堂；

【作者基本信息】 甘肃农业大学 ， 草业科学， 2009， 博士

【摘要】 氮、磷、钾是所有作物生长必需的营养元素。研究其用量和配比对经济作物生长发育和产量的影响及其品质表现,对高产、经济、优质作物生产调控技术的形成和应用具有重要的理论意义和应用前景。本研究以宁杞1号为试验材料,通过两年(2008～2009年)大田试验,研究了不同有机肥用量和氮、磷、钾肥施肥水平下枸杞生长特性、植株养分动态、产量和品质的变化规律,建立了有机肥和氮、磷、钾肥施用量与枸杞生长量、产量、利润、品质的关系模型,探讨了有机肥单施和与氮磷钾配施对枸杞生长、产量形成、品质的调控效应。主要结论如下:1.增施有机肥能够促进枸杞生长发育和产量形成。在试验用量范围内(腐熟羊粪,0～10kg/株),随着有机肥用量的增加,枸杞萌芽、春梢,冠幅和地径的生长速率、生长量和植株N、P、K含量均出现增加趋势,中高用量(6～10kg/株)处理的促进作用显著高于低用量(2～4kg/株)处理。有机肥用量与生长量之间均呈“S”型生长曲线关系。与单株鲜果产量的关系可用一元二次养分效应方程Y1=0.551+0.565x-0.037 x2进行描述,最大有机肥施用量为7.69kg/株,最高产量2.72kg/株;最佳经济施用量为7.64 kg/株,最佳经济产量为2.72 kg/株。2.氮、磷、钾对枸杞各生育阶段生长速率的影响不同。氮素在营养生长阶段的影响大于磷钾,进入花果期后,特别是夏果盛期,磷钾对冠幅的影响更为明显。萌动期、春梢生长期内施用低氮高磷(N1P3),并在花果期适量补充钾素(K2)可显著提高树体春梢生长速率,促进春梢和冠幅生长。头茬果成熟期追施K素能明显促进地径生长速率。氮、磷、钾单因子与春梢枝数、春梢、冠幅、地径生长量之间可用一元二次方程拟合。理论施氮量极值分别为(kg/株):0.32、0.08、0.35和0.37,施磷量极值分别为(kg/株):0.23、0.18、0.11和0.14,施钾量极值分别为(kg/株):0.14、0.06、0.31和0.37。3.施肥对枸杞植株NPK养分含量有明显影响,合理施肥能有效提高枸杞植株NPK养分含量。枸杞叶片、春梢中NPK含量在浓度大小上表现为N>P>K,年生育期内5月中下旬开花初期、6月中下旬头茬果成熟期和7月中下旬夏果盛期是枸杞N、P、K含量变化的关键时期,也是追肥的重要时期。4.春梢枝数和春梢生长量是影响枸杞单株产量的主要因子。其中,春梢枝数的影响大于生长量。氮磷钾用量与枸杞产量可用三元二次施肥模型进行描述: Y(NPK)=1.921+ 2.541N-4.517N2+ 1.269P -4.959P2+1.939K-2.348K2+4.049NP-0.162NK-3.119PK (R2=0.962 F =86.021,P<0.01)最大施用量为( kg/株): N=0.36、P2O5=0.19、K2O=0.28 , N∶P2O5∶K2O =1∶0.53∶0.78,最高产量为2.77 kg/株。最佳施用量为(kg/株):N=0.29、P2O5=0.17、K2O =0.00,N∶P2O5∶K2O=1∶0.59∶0,在此施用量基础上可获得最佳经济产量2.75 kg/株,最佳经济利润13.40元/株。5.高氮、中磷、低钾养分组合的有机肥(羊粪),其用量与枸杞百粒重、黄酮和类胡萝卜素含量有极显著正相关性,均以高用量有机肥处理下(8～10kg/株)达到试验设计范围内最高含量。对多糖和蛋白质含量的影响较为特殊,表现为多糖在有机肥低用量(2～4kg/株)范围内有增加趋势,而在中高用量(6～10kg/株)范围内的含量无显著差异;蛋白质在低中用量(2～6kg/株)范围内随施肥量增加而增加,高用量(8～10kg/株)下含量差异不显著。各品质含量与有机肥施用量的关系可用三次方程拟合。其中百粒重和黄酮方程拟合度最好,其次是类胡萝卜素,多糖和蛋白质拟合度较差。6.氮磷钾用量与枸杞各品质的相关性中磷素与各品质相关性最大,其次是钾素,而有利于增产的氮素相关性最弱。说明氮磷钾三元素中,磷、钾素对枸杞综合品质形成的影响较之氮素更大。7.氮素是影响百粒重的最主要因素,其次是磷素,钾的影响最弱。氮素用量与百粒重为一元二次曲线关系,最大施氮量为0.31kg/株,超过这一极值百粒重含量出现下降,说明氮素过多不利于百粒重含量的增加。磷素用量与百粒重含量显著线性正相关,增施磷能显著提高百粒重含量。钾素用量与百粒重的一元二次方程存在一个极小值(最小施肥量)为0.24kg/株,表明钾过少对百粒重含量的增加不利。因此,在试验区缺氮、少磷、富钾的土壤环境中,增施磷、钾,控制氮肥是调控百粒重含量的重要措施。8.氮、磷、钾素对多糖含量的影响曲线均为“直线”相关,其中增施氮肥是正相关,增施磷、钾是负相关,且增施磷对多糖含量副作用大于增施钾。氮磷交互作用不显著,氮钾配施存在极显著负交互作用。9.氮素是影响枸杞干果蛋白质的主要因素,其次是钾素,磷对蛋白质影响最弱,三因素交互作用均不显著。氮素用量与枸杞蛋白质含量为“正抛物线”关系,最大施氮量是0.39kg/株。钾素用量与枸杞蛋白质含量为“反抛物线”关系,最低施钾量为0.13kg/株,低于这一施用量不利用蛋白质的形成。10.磷素是影响黄酮形成和积累的主要因素,其次是氮素,钾素影响不显著。氮、磷与枸杞干果黄酮含量均呈“正抛物线”关系,最大氮、磷施用量分别是0.24和0.11kg/株,在此范围内,枸杞干果黄酮含量随氮、磷施肥量的增加出现增加趋势,其中增施磷比增施氮对促进黄酮含量的形成更为明显。超出这一施肥量时,黄酮含量出现下降趋势,增施磷对黄酮含量的降低作用比增施氮明显。11.氮素对类胡萝卜素含量无显著影响,磷对类胡萝卜素有一定的负相关性,增施磷素会导致类胡萝卜素含量的降低,钾素对类胡萝卜素含量影响不显著。更多还原

【Abstract】 Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium are the necessary nutrient elements to the growth of all crops. Researching their dosage and ratio of influence and quality performance to growth and yield of economic crops has important academic significance and application foreground to the formation and application of high yield, economic, high grade crops production, and adjustment and control technology. This research has processed two years cropland test from 2008 to 2009, making Lycium barbarum Linn as the material. It researches the growth character of Lycium barbarum Linn., nutrient trend, yield and variety regulation of quality in the fertilization of different organic fertilizer as well as nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, it establishes the relation model between the dosage of organic fertilizer, effect of adjustment and control and the growth quantity, yield, profit, quality of Lycium barbarum Linn., it also discusses the effect of adjustment and control of growth, yield formation and quality with the fertilization of organic fertilizer and the mixed fertilization of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium of Lycium barbarum Linn.. The main conclusion is as follows:1. Increased application of organic fertilizer can promote the growth and yield formation of Lycium barbarum Linn. During the trial application range (decomposition sheep manure, 0~10kg/plant), with increased application of organic fertilizer, growth rate, growth and plant N, P, K content of germination, spring shoot, crown width and diameter have increased current, and in the trend of high-volume (6~10kg/plant) treatment is significantly higher than the promotion of the role of low-volume (2~ 4 kg/plant) treatment. The application of organic fertilizer usage and growth are "S"-type relationship growth curves. The relationship between fruit yield and plant available nutrients can be described in a dollar secondary effect equation Y1 = 0.551 +0.565 x-0.037 x2 with the largest application of organic fertilizer application 7.69kg /plant, the highest yield 2.72kg/plant; optimum economic application rates of 7.64 kg/plant, the best economic yield of 2.72 kg/plant.2. Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium on the growth rate of Lycium barbarum Linn different growth stages affected differently. The impact of Nitrogen in the vegetative growth stage is greater than phosphorus and potassium into the floral period. Especially in the summer fruit mature phase, the impact of phosphorus and potassium on the crown becomes more apparent. During germinating period and spring shoot growth period the application of low-nitrogen high-phosphorus (N1P3) and to add a view to appropriate K (K2) in flowers and fruits period can significantly increase the tree spring shoot growth rate, promoting the growth of spring shoot and crown. During the first fruit maturity period, increased application of K topdressing can significantly promote the diameter growth rate. Nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium single-factor and spring shoot a few branches, spring shoot, crown width, diameter increment can be fitted by quadratic equation. Extreme value theory of nitrogen application rate, respectively (kg/plant):0.32, 0.08, 0.35and0.37, the application of extreme value of P, respectively (kg/plant): 0.23, 0.18, 0.11 and 0.14, respectively, extreme application of potassium (kg/plant): 0.14, 0.06, 0.31 and 0.37.3. Fertilization has obvious impact on nutrient content of Lycium barbarum Linn. N, P, K, and rational fertilization can effectively improve the content of NPK nutrients. The NPK content in leaves and branches in the concentration of size expressed as N> P> K. It is the critical period for the fruit mature phase N, P, K content of Lycium barbarum Linn an important period of topdressing in May mid-to late, June mid-to late first crop of fruit maturity and July mid-to late summer.4. Spring shoot branch number and spring shoot growth is main factors of affecting the application of yield per plant which influence the number of branch spring shoot growth is greater than the application. NPK application and production of fertilizer can be used ternary quadratic model description: Y(NPK)=1.921+ 2.541N-4.517N2+ 1.269P -4.959P2+1.939K-2.348K2+4.049NP -0.162NK-3.119PK (R2=0.962 F =86.021,P<0.01) Maximum application of application (kg/plant): N = 0.36, P2O5 = 0.19, K2O = 0.28, N∶P2O5∶K 2O = 1∶0 .53∶0 .78, the highest yield of 2.77 kg/plant. Best application volume (kg/ plant): N = 0.29, P2O5 = 0.17, K = 0.00, N∶P 2O5∶K2O = 1∶0.59∶0, in this application the best available based on the application of economic yield 2.75 kg/plant, the best economic profit 13.40 yuan(RMB)/plant.5. The application of organic fertilizer (sheep manure) which includes high nitrogen, mid phosphorus and low potassium has obvious positive correlation with l00 seeds weight, flavones and carotenoids, they all reach the highest content in the test planning area with the process of high application organic fertilizer. The usage of organic manure combination of Nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium nutrient is very significant positive correlation to kernel weight, flavones and carotenoids content, and high-volume organic fertilizer to the next (8~10kg/plant) reached the highest level within the framework of experimental design. Polysaccharide and protein content of the more unusual manifestations of polysaccharides in the organic fertilizer with low application (2~4kg/plant) within the framework of an increasing trend, while in high application (6~10kg/plant) within the scope showed no significant difference; in the amount of protein in the low (2 ~ 6kg/plant) within the scope increases with the application of fertilizer, high-application (8~10kg/plant), the concentration difference was not significant. The quality of content and the relationship between the applications of organic fertilizer cubic equation can be fitted which l00 seeds weight and flavones equation is the best fit, followed by carotenoids, polysaccharides and proteins poor goodness of fit.6. Among the correlation between the application of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and every character of Lycium barbarum Linn, phosphorus has the biggest effect, then, potassium, nitrogen which is beneficial for increasing yield has the smallest effect. It shows phosphorus and potassium has more influence than nitrogen to the integrated quality of Lycium barbarum Linn.7. Nitrogen is the main factor of affecting l00 seeds weight, followed by phosphorus, potassium and the impact of the weakest. There are the relationships of a quadratic curve between the Nitrogen rate and l00 seed weight, the largest application of nitrogen is 0.31kg/plant, over the extreme decline in kernel weight, indicating excessive nitrogen content is not conducive to an increase in l00 seeds weight. Phosphorus application and l00 seeds weight in a significant linear positive correlation, increasing phosphorus levels significantly increased l00 seeds weight. Potassium application and l00 seeds weight in the existence of a quadratic equation one factor minimum value (minimum of fertilizer) to 0.24kg/plant, indicating that potassium is too small for l00 seeds weight in the increased levels of disadvantage. Thus, in experimental areas nitrogen-poor, less phosphorus, potassium-rich soil environments, by increasing phosphorus, potassium, and content nitrogen is an important measure to regulation l00 seeds weight. 8. The influence curves of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium to amylase are all“beeline”correlation, among these correlations, increasing nitrogen is positive correlation, increasing phosphorus and potassium are negative correlation, and the side effect of increasing phosphorus is bigger than increasing potassium to the content of amylase.9. Nitrogen is the main element of influencing the dried fruit protein of Lycium barbarum Linn, then, potassium and phosphorus, the interaction of the three elements are indistinctive. Nitrogen usage and protein content of Lycium barbarum Linn is“parabolic”relationship, the largest application of nitrogen is 0.39kg/plant. K usage and protein content“anti-parabolic”relationship, the minimum application of potassium 0.13kg/ plant, lower than the amount of this application do not use the formation of proteins.10. Phosphorus is the main element of effecting the formation and accumulating of flavones, then, nitrogen and potassium. Nitrogen, phosphorus and dry fruit flavonoids is“positive parabola”relationship, and the largest of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer are 0.24 and 0.11kg/plant, in this context, dry fruit flavonoid content will increase in trend with increased the application of the nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer, increasing phosphorus flavonoid content of nitrogen application on the promotion of the formation of even more apparent. Beyond that fertilization, the flavonoid content of a downward trend, increasing phosphorus content of the flavonoids significantly reduces the role of the nitrogen.11. Nitrogen has no obvious effect to the content of carotenoids, phosphorus has certain negative correlation to carotenoids, increasing phosphorus will decrease the content of carotenoids, and potassium has indistinctive effect.更多还原