【作者】 徐少辉；

【导师】 徐永康；

【作者基本信息】 华东政法大学 ， 法律史， 2010， 博士

【摘要】 上海开埠后金融业即起步发展,贸易优势的发挥推动上海成为全国经济中心,上海的金融中心地位逐步确立并终在1930年代成为远东国际金融中心。伴随金融业发展,上海金融法律建立完善并最终形成与上海金融中心地位相适应的金融法律制度。上海金融法律制度既是上海金融发展的果,又是推动上海金融中心发展的因。金融法制的历史积淀,对当代上海国际金融中心建设决策与实践具有重要的启示,也产生了重要影响。本文力求从经济史学、金融史学、法律史学和政治史学相结合的学术视角,以法律史研究为主体,提炼出上海金融中心法律制度变迁的本质特征,以有裨益于当代的决策实践。导论主要交待了选题的缘起和意义。当代上海国际金融中心建设是大国和平崛起的需要,具有特殊时代意义。以往对上海近代以来金融法律的研究,侧重于经济、金融本身,其对金融法律的涉及基本还是服务于金融史研究主线的需要。本文则是以金融法律研究为主线,把金融法律制度作为金融中心发展的内生机制予以考察,进而对当代上海国际金融中心建设是自发性与自觉性相结合的命题作出更深刻的回答。同时对前人研究成果进行梳理归类,并对金融中心、国际金融中心等与本文相关的基本概念和基本理论作了介绍分析;还对本文研究重点、难点和主要观点,研究方法、思路和缺憾作了交待。第一章主要对清末上海金融中心法律制度初创进行考察。上海开埠后的贸易繁荣、租界建立,对上海金融发展具有重要促进作用。外商银行集聚使上海金融实力和控制力明显增强,并对上海华商金融业产生、发展具有示范和刺激作用。随着清末修律和上海华商金融业发展,上海金融法律制度形成。上海银行业关于监理机构、市场准入、业务监理的规定已经出现,《中国通商银行章程》是这个时期上海侧重单个银行立法特征的典型代表。同时上海商会积极推动证券立法完善,保险契约法和保险业法等也进入初创阶段。第二章主要对北洋政府时期上海金融中心法律制度发展进行考察。这个时期中国金融业发展环境较为宽松,上海金融中心获得较大发展。国家“双央行”法律制度建构对上海金融法律制度产生了重要影响,以中国银行上海分行为代表的上海地方金融实力显著增强,独立品格渐显。上海银行业关于监理机构、市场准入、业务审慎监理和银行公会的法律规定有所完善,上海银行公会也更积极地承担起行业自律监理职能,并推动有关立法。上海证券法律制度进步颇多,租界当局、证券交易所的证券法律规定、自律性规定,对上海证券发展具有重要促进作用。上海保险法律制度虽无显著创新,但已然将外商保险机构纳入法律规制范围。第三章主要对南京国民政府时期上海金融中心法律制度确立进行考察。此时上海金融已形成资源集聚和释放的内生机制,加之中央政权鼎力支持,上海金融中心乃至远东国际金融中心地位正式确立。随着时局变化,上海金融监管经历了由单一制向多元制的变迁,金融监管效率总体而言不断加强。上海的中央银行法律制度日趋完善,商业银行法律制度体系完备,在沪国家金融专业行局均适用特别法监理,银行同业救助法律规定亦在一定程度上有效弥补了中央银行法律制度的不足。上海证券监理法律制度日趋成熟,证券交易所和证券行业组织的自律性规范有了较大完善。上海保险法律体系确立,保险同业公会积极发挥行业自律功能,并推动保险立法完善。第四章主要对新中国建立后计划经济体制下上海金融中心法律制度进行考察。这个时期上海金融完全归入国家高度集中的“大一统”金融监管体制,由于法律虚无主义盛行,国家以党代政、政策代法,上海金融法律制度在国家法律层面比较苍白,在地方法律层面几乎空白,行业自律规范阙如。上海金融对全国金融立法无甚影响,国家亦无须对上海金融做出专属性规范或考量,上海金融中心法律制度不复存在。第五章主要对当代上海金融中心法制重建和决策变迁进行考察。这个时期上海金融中心法律制度重新确立,上海金融中心建设作为战略逐步进入决策层视野。与近代以来显著不同,当代上海金融中心已经由“自发”发展,转变为“自觉”建设,并从地方战略提升为国家战略。这个决策过程以上海金融发展为基础,包括了法律制度重建和政策推动两个方面。政策推动更加注重对法制的借鉴,改变了主要依靠讲话和内部文件的做法,更多地采用了制定法律或规范性文件的形式。当代上海金融中心法律制度包括了比较完善的中央银行法律制度、商业银行法律制度以及证券、保险法律制度,其中比较先进的地方金融促进法、比较健全的行业自律性规范以及比较完善的地方金融监管体制尤其可圈可点。结论主要是在对上海金融中心法律制度变迁及决策进行考察基础上的提炼总结。上海金融中心法律制度的形成是历史性成长过程,金融中心形成发展与金融法律制度构建演进具有非常密切的互动共生联系。从历史上看,上海金融中心法律制度是法律移植和法律本土化结合的典范。金融中心及其法律制度发展是当代上海发展的重要内容;上海金融中心及其法律制度发展对全国金融发展及其法律制度演进具有重要意义。基于这个逻辑关系,从法律作为金融中心内生机制的视角,对当代上海国际金融中心国家战略决策史进行研究,以史为鉴,于当代更加科学化、法制化地决策实践无疑具有极强现实意义。当代上海国际金融中心建设应当着力加强航运金融业发展,继续完善决策的法制化路径,加强上海地方性金融监管,更加重视发挥法制作为金融中心内生机制所具有的重要推动作用。更多还原

【Abstract】 Finance started to develop in Shanghai when the city opened the port in the 19^th century. Nourished by commerce, Shanghai gradually became the national economic centre and, at the same time, the national financial centre. In 1930, Shanghai was the leading international financial centre （IFC） in Far East. During this developing process, new financial laws were approved and amended and finally a qualified financial legal system was established to match Shanghai’s position. The system, initially the consequence of the financial development, accelerated the developing process in return. This phenomenon has great influence and throws light on contemporary policy and practice to build Shanghai as an IFC. The thesis will try to approach the basic characteristic of the change of the financial legal system in Shanghai in order to benefit temporary policy making and practice by studying the economics history, financial history, the combination of law history and politics and their relationships with each other.The Introduction part states the reason and the purpose of choosing the topic. Building Shanghai as an IFC is a part of China’s peaceful rise, which is regarded an important event of this age, but the modern study of the Shanghai legal system on financial sector mainly focused on subjects like economics and finance, of which the involvement of financial laws served only as a supplement. However, this thesis focuses on financial laws, studying the inner mechanism of the relationship between financial legal system and financial centre development, so as to justify the spontaneity and essentiality of future Shanghai as IFC. Also stated in the Introduction are the brief presentation of basic concept and basic theory of FC/IFC, former study achievements, and the focal point, difficulties, main point, methodology, as well as weak points of the thesis.Chapter one reviews Shanghai as financial centre at the end of Qing dynasty and the initial formation of its legal system, when thriving commerce and the emergence of international concessions greatly promoted the local financial industry. As foreign banks flocked to the city, Shanghai banking industry became more powerful and dominating, attracting and motivating Chinese businessmen to participate in this new field. With local finance industry developing and Qing’s legislation changing, the financial legal system in Shanghai started to form. There were regulations about supervision institutions, market entry and business supervision. The Articles of Imperial Bank of China as an evidence showed that Shanghai banking legislation placed emphasis on single bank; Shanghai Chamber of Commerce pushed legislation for securities; Insurance formulated contracts and insurance regulations emerged for the first time.Chapter two reviews the financial legal system in Shanghai under the reign of Beiyang government, when the finance industry enjoyed an agreeable overall environment, and Shanghai became national financial centre. The“twin central banks”had a great influence of the financial legal system in Shanghai. Because one of the central banks was located in Shanghai, the finance activities in Shanghai turned increasingly independent. The bank guild took a leading role in promoting integrity and self-discipline in the industry. New laws and regulations about supervision, market entry, due diligence and industry association were approved. Foreign insurance companies, for the first time, were regulated, although there was no significant legal innovation in the insurance industry.Chapter three reviews the financial legal system in Shanghai under the reign of Nanjing government, when Shanghai financial industry enjoyed the economy of scale which enabled amounts of capital to gather and operate freely in Shanghai. With supports from the central government, Shanghai became IFC in the Far East. In the mean time, regulatory efficiency improved; the central bank laws were amended for Shanghai as financial centre, and the commercial banks better regulated; Shanghai security supervision improved as self-discipline of security-traders and security associations became essential in their business; the insurance system in Shanghai was officially established due to the persuasion of Shanghai Insurance Guild.Chapter four reviews the financial legal system of Shanghai after 1949 when China adopted centrally planned economy. In this stage, the financial activities were completely regulated by central government. The Party replaced the government, policies replaced laws. Local financial laws were overridden by national regulations, and self-discipline almost disappeared in the financial industry. While Shanghai had no influence on national financial legislation, the central government didn’t carry forward any specialized regulations for Shanghai, which both implied that Shanghai had lost its identity as financial centre in terms of the legal system.Chapter five reviews the reconstruction and policy-making changes of Shanghai financial legal system. There is a remarkable change at this stage, that the development was more a national strategy than a local demand. The change was based on the development of shanghai finance industry, including the rebuilding of legal system and the promoting of new policies. Besides, the policies got more legally accurate, as formulated documents and contracts replace meeting memorandums and speaking. Nowadays, Shanghai has established a relatively complete law collection of central bank, commercial bank, securities and insurance, not to mention the new regional finance development acts, industry-wide self-discipline regulations and strict local financial supervisions.The conclusion part is the summarization of all the reviews though the history of the development of Shanghai financial legal system. The formation of a financial centre was a long procedure, so did that of a financial legal system. The system in Shanghai used to be a typical combination of foreign laws and local regulations. In addition, the development of the system plays a crucial role of the development of the city that has been the financial centre of a nation. Therefore the trail of the system development is very important to the national finance industry and legislation. Like an old saying, learn from the history and look into the future, studying the change of the financial legal system shall benefit contemporary policy-making. Shanghai as IFC should focus on the financial shipping, continue to complete the legislation procedure, enhance regional finance regulation, and attach more importance to the impetus of the legal system as an innate mechanism of an IFC.更多还原