【作者】 冯瑞；

【导师】 何志林；

【作者基本信息】 上海体育学院 ， 体育教育训练学， 2010， 博士

【摘要】 中国竞技体操是优势竞技项目,从上世纪70年代末至今一直保持着国际领先水平,尤其是男子竞技体操。在国际三大赛事中,中国男子竞技体操均有很好的表现,特别是进入21世纪,中国男子竞技体操成绩更加斐然,在2008年北京奥运会上取得了7块金牌的历史最好成绩,说明我国男子竞技体操在“选材-训练-比赛-管理”环节中有着先进的经验和理论指导。为了继续保持我国竞技体育强国的称号,就应该使我国优势竞技项目的领先地位更加突出,就应该从竞技体育制胜规律中查找各单项的制胜因素,更应该研究、挖掘竞技体操项目的制胜因素,梳理好这些因素并成功运用到实践中去才能使中国竞技体操永葆青春。通过文献资料、专家访谈、问卷调查、数理统计、历史比较、逻辑分析等方法,对中国竞技体操制胜规律从训练学和社会学的角度进行了研究。以中国男子竞技体操队备战第29届北京奥运会的训练为调查和追踪对象,以备战北京奥运会典型案例和训练的具体措施为切入点,分析了男子竞技体操项目特征。对中国男子竞技体操队获得巨大成就的制胜因素、影响因素、创新动力因素进行了分析,结合中国竞技体操面临的问题提出了可持续发展的必要措施。经过问卷、访谈、统计、比较等具体方法探骊出中国男子竞技体操制胜规律,结论如下：1.我国竞技体操是优势竞技项目,为我国竞技体育在国际上赢得了巨大的荣誉。但中国男子竞技体操的发展经历了技术引进阶段、崛起阶段、停滞与恢复阶段、腾飞阶段。2.竞技体操属于非周期性运动项目,竞技体操项目由于自身的项目特征。练习中有静力性动作和动力性动作,技术复杂而多样,向着“三性”发展,具有竞技体操项目的训练学特征。在神经机能、呼吸、循环、代谢等方面具有竞技体操的项目特征,运动员运动中存在“瓦尔沙瓦”、“林加尔德”现象。3.男子竞技体操六个单项的特征不一,自由体操、鞍马、吊环、跳马、双杠、单杠每个项目对运动员的要求不同,六个单项有各自的动作类型和项目特征。4.制胜规律中有制胜因素、影响因素、创新动力因素,制胜因素由力、难、美、稳、新、高、飘组成；影响因素中由教练员、运动员、场地器材、竞技体操规则、训练原则与方法、训练计划、信息组成；创新动力因素中由比赛竞争、竞技体操规则修改、技术发展趋势、运动员个人需要、教练员个人需要、场地器材的更新、竞技体操科学研究、政策激励组成。5.竞技体操制胜规律中制胜因素是关键,影响因素和创新动力因素是制约条件。解决问题要把重点放在制胜因素---力、难、美、稳、新、高、飘互相联系的“群”上,提炼出的一个“群”的力量是无限的,大于各个单因素的简单之和。制胜因素“群”具有整体性,但“群”中各因素在竞技体操制胜过程中具有不同的作用。6.中国竞技体操制胜规律在实践中得到了证明,实际训练中遵循着难美原则、稳定原则、区别对待不同运动员、系统科学的训练原则、有效运用激励措施原则、有效控制信息情报原则；训练方法和手段中以适时分解动作的训练法、及时固定组合的训练法、动力定型的重复训练法、模拟比赛情景的训练法、黄氏训练法、汗蒸冰沁训练法,以固定组合练习为主,在练习中合理安排运动量和强度。科学运用评分规则和制胜因素,不能忽略影响因素和创新动力因素。7.中国竞技体操保持可持续发展就必须重视科学选材,避免“烟囱”梯队现象。强化中国竞技体操教练员队伍建设,加强竞技体操科学研究,挖掘出难新动作和新连接,提高D分。更多还原

【Abstract】 Competitive gymnastics is an advantage sports event in China. From the late seventies of last century till now, it has still maintained a leading international standard, especially men’s competitve gymnastics. Chinese men’s artistic gymnastic have excellent performance in the top three international tournaments. Its achievement, especially in the 21th century, is much more brilliant than before. At the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games, our men’s gymnastic team obtained the best historic success, which were 7 gold medals. The accomplishment our team got prove that we have advanced experiences and theoretical guidance of competitive gymnastics in the section of selection-training-competition-management. In order to maintaining our title of great competitve sports nation, we should make the leading status of our competitve sports event more outstanding and research the winning ways of individual event from the winning rule of competitive sports.What’s more, we should make deeper research on the winning factors of competitive gymnastics events and sort out these factors. Only putting them into practice successfully can make Chinese competitve sports maitain a leading level in the world.Through using the method of literature review, expert interview, survey, mathematical statistcs, historical contrast and logical annalysis, this paper investigates the winning rule of Chinese competitive gymnastics from the angle of sports training theories and Sociology. This paper sees the training of Chinese national men’s gymnastics team preparing for the 29th Beijing Olympic Games as investigation and tracking objects. It takes the typical case of preparation for the Beijing Olympic Games and specific training measures as a breakthrough point and analyses the feature of men’s competitive gymnastics event. In addition, this paper analyses the winning factors, influencing factors and innovative motivation factors of excellent achievement which Chinese national men’s gymnastics team acquire. It brings forward necessary measures of sustainable development according to the problems with which Chinese competitive gymnastics is confronted. By using detailed method, such as survey, interview, statistics and contrast, this paper explores winning rule of Chinese men’s competitive gymnastics. The conclusion is as follows:1) Competitive gymnastics is one component of gymnastics. Competitive gymnastics is an advantage sports event in China, and wins a great honor in the world for our national competitive sports. However, the development of Chinese men’s competitive gymnastics has went through the introduction of technology stage, the rising stage,the stagnancy and recovery stage and the taking-off stage. Because of competitive gymnastics’own features, it has inherent winning rules.2)Competitive gymnastics belong to non-periodization sports. During the exercise, there are static feature and dynamic actions stock-still action and movement action, these techniques are complex and various. Three character is the developmen of Gymnastics, it’s with features of sports training, there are some features in neurosis, respiratory, circulatory, metabolism, ect. "Waershawa" and "Linjiaerde" phenomenon exist in the process of movement.3) Six events characteristics of men’s competitive gymnastics are different from each other. Floor exercise, Kurama, Rings, Vault, Parallel bars and Horizontal bar request different Gymnast. The six events characteristics of men’s competitive gymnastics three are different action type and project features.4) There are winning factor, influencing factor and innovative motivation factor. Winning factor consists of power、difficulty、fine、stable、new、height、floating;Influencing factor is composed by coach, athlete, competition field, apparatus, the rule of competitive gymnastics, principles and means of training, training plans and information. Innovative motivation factor consists of competition, modification of gymnastics’rule, trend of skill evolution, personal need of athlete and coach, updating of field and apparatus, scientific research of competitive gymnastics and motivation policy.5) Winning factor is the principal contradiction of competitive gymnastics winning rules, while influencing factor and innovative motivation factor are secondary contradiction. When dealing with problems, we should pay more attention to the winning factors, which is the interrelated group of power、difficulty、fine、stable、new、height、floating. Strength of the group is maximum, and larger than simple sum of each single element. Winning factor group takes on integrity while each element of the group has different functions in the winning process of competitive gymnastics.6) Chinese competitive gymnastics follows the principles of difficulty、fine, stability, individualized training, systematic training, motivation, and effctive control. Training means and methods consist of decomposition training, integrity training, repeating training, competition training, Huang’s training, Khan Steam and ice training. Regular group exercise is the main method, the amount and strength of sports are reasonably arranged in training. Scientific scoring rules and winning factors are employed in competition, in addition, influencing factors and innovatitive motivation factors can not be ignored by us.7) Chinese competitive gymnastics should attach importance to scientific selection of athletes in order to keep sustainable development. We have to avoid "chimney group" phenomenon. Pay more attention to development of the ranks of Chinese competitive gymnastics coaches and strengthen the scientific research of competitive gymnastics. Moreover, we should explore new difficult action and new connections in order to increase D score.更多还原