【作者】 马登军；

【导师】 孙汉文；

【作者基本信息】 河北大学 ， 分析化学， 2009， 博士

【摘要】 镉和铅是两种环境污染较重的重金属元素,随着工业的发展,人类接触的越来越广泛,镉和铅及其化合物对人类和环境造成的威胁日益严重。研究这两种毒物在生物机体中的蓄积和分布,具有环境意义和实用价值。本文采用硝酸镉和硝酸铅的水溶液作为染毒材料,以小白鼠作为研究对象,系统研究了小白鼠饮水染毒和静脉注射染毒后,其血红细胞及其相关靶器官中镉、铅含量的时间效应和蓄积分布规律,以及对小白鼠血液主要指标的影响；考察了镉和铅联合染毒在小白鼠血红细胞及其相关靶器官中蓄积分布和相关性。研究结果为进一步研究重金属对生物机体及其靶器官的作用原理以及减缓和治疗中毒疾病提供参考依据。论文综合评述了镉和铅的毒性、危害和中毒机理,以及火焰原子吸收光谱分析微量金属镉、铅的研究进展。建立了微量进样火焰原子吸收分析微量金属镉和铅的新方法,为跟踪监测染毒因子在靶器官中的蓄积、迁移和分布提供了可靠、准确的分析方法。该方法,镉在0.000-0.800μg/mL呈良好线性关系,R=0.9994,平均回收率97.1%,RSD=3.0%,特征浓度为0.0036μg/mL,检出限为0.002μg/mL.铅在0.000-1.000μg/mL呈良好线性关系,R=0.9997,平均回收率97.4%,RSD=4.2%,特征浓度为0.0916μg/mL,检出限为0.0500μg/mL。采用含镉和铅分别为0.01%的低浓度水溶液对小白鼠进行饮水染毒,研究了血红细胞及其相关靶器官中镉和铅染毒时间效应的变化,对蓄积量进行了测试和分布排序；血液中分布在血红细胞中铅达到95%～98%,镉为90%～93%,肾和肝是镉和铅的主要靶器官,其他器官次之；考察了小白鼠的血红细胞数、血红蛋白浓度和网织红细胞数随染毒时间的效应变化,血细胞数和血红蛋白浓度呈现下降的趋势,网织红细胞占血红细胞的百分比随染毒时间逐渐上升,实验表明,镉和铅破坏和抑制了血细胞的生长和血红蛋白的合成,同时,促使网织红细胞增生。为了有别于消化道染毒,采用同浓度镉和铅的水溶液通过静脉注射,对小白鼠进行被动染毒,考察了镉和铅在红细胞、血清、肝、肾、脾、肺、心脏和大脑组织器官中的分布和蓄积状况。为了进一步了解铅和镉的联合作用,论文中初步探讨了铅和镉在复合饮水染毒情况下,小白鼠靶器官中二者的蓄积分布情况,以及镉和铅联合作用的相关性。更多还原

【Abstract】 Cadmium and lead are two kinds of more polluted heavy metal, which bring growing threat to humans and environment due to the increasingly close to human exposure with the development of industry. The study on their accumulation and distribution in biological organisms, is important for the environmental protection and has practical value. The cadmium nitrate and lead nitrate aqueous solution was used as exposure materials, mice as the study system in this paper. The time effect and the accumulation distribution of cadmium and lead in the mice red blood cells and their associated target organs, the effect of the cadmium and lead on the mice red blood were studied through drinking and the intravenous injection exposure of mice. The accumulation distribution of cadmium and lead in the mice red blood cells and their associated target organs were examined through joint drinking exposure of lead and cadmium solution. The results provide the basis for the further study of the mechanism of the toxicity ions of cadmium and lead in biological tissues.The paper summarizes the toxicity and hazards of cadmium and lead, and poisoning mechanism, as well as the research progress of flame atomic absorption spectrometry of trace metals cadmium and lead.We have established the new way of a micro-injection flame atomic absorption analysis of trace metals of cadmium and lead so that it can provide a reliable and accurate analysis method to track and monitor the accumulation, migration and distribution of exposure factors in the target organ. According to the method, cadmium shows good linear relationship in 0.000-0.800μg/mL, R=0.9994, the average recovery rate is 97.1%, RSD=3.0%, the characteristic concentration is 0.0036μg/mL, and the detection limit is 0.0021μg/mL; and lead shows good linear relationship in 0.000-1.000μg/mL, R=0.9997, the average recovery rate is 97.4%, RSD=4.2%, the characteristic concentration is 0.0916μg/mL and the detection limit is 0.0500μg/mL Through the drinking water exposure of mice with the low-concentrated aqueous containing 0.01% cadmium and 0.01% lead, we studied the effectiveness of changing time by exposure of cadmium and lead in red blood cells and their associated target organs; and measured the accumulation and distribution in organs. According to the study, lead in red blood cells goes up to 95%～98%, and cadmium 90% to 93%; kidney and liver are the main target organs of cadmium and lead, and then other organs. And we also study the exposure time changes of the number of red blood cells, hemoglobin concentration and the reticulocyte number in mouse, and know that the number of blood cells and hemoglobin concentration show a downward trend, and the reticulocyte percentage in red blood cells goes up gradually with the exposure time. The results of the experiment show that cadmium and lead damage and inhibit the growth of blood cells and the synthesis of hemoglobin, and also cause the hyperplasia of the reticulocyte.Different from the exposure to the digestive tract, the mice are exposed passively through the intravenous injection of the aqueous solution with the same concentrations of cadmium and lead in the mice so as to have a better understanding of the distribution and accumulation of cadmium and lead in red blood cells, serum, liver, kidney, spleen, lung, heart and brain tissues and organs.In order to better understand the joint role of lead and cadmium, the paper studies the accumulation distribution of lead and cadmium in mice target organ exposed to the complex contaminated drinking water.更多还原